四级模拟.docx
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四级模拟.docx
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四级模拟
四级模拟题
1Writing(30minutes)
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicChoosinganOccupation.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:
IIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
WillWeRunOutofWater?
Picturea“ghostship”sinkingintothesand,lefttorotondrylandbyarecedingsea.Thenimagineduststormssweepinguptoxicpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersfromthedryseabedandspewingthemacrosstownsandvillages.
Seemlikeascenefromamovieabouttheendoftheworld?
ForpeoplelivingneartheAralSeainCentralAsia,it’salltooreal.Thirtyyearsago,governmentplannersdivertedtheriversthatflowintotheseainordertoirrigate(providewaterfor)farmland.Asaresult,theseahasshrunktohalfitsoriginalsize,strandingshipsondryland.Theseawaterhastripledinsaltcontentandbecomepolluted,killingall24nativespeciesoffish.
Similarlarge-scaleeffortstoredirectwaterinotherpartsoftheworldhavealsoendedinecologicalcrisis,accordingtonumerousenvironmentalgroups.Butmanycountriescontinuetobuildmassivedamsandirrigationsystems,eventhoughsuchprojectscancreatemoreproblemsthantheyfix.Why?
Peopleinmanypartsoftheworldaredesperateforwater,andmorepeoplewillneedmorewaterinthenextcentury.
“Growingpopulationswillworsenproblemswithwater,”saysPeterH.Gleick,anenvironmentalscientistatthePacificInstituteforstudiesinDevelopment,Environment,andSecurity,aresearchorganizationinCalifornia.Hefearsthatbytheyear2025,asmanyasone-thirdoftheworld’sprojected8.3billionpeoplewillsufferfromwatershortages.
WhereWaterGoes
Only2.5percentofallwateronEarthisfreshwater,watersuitablefordrinkingandgrowingfood,saysSandraPostel,directoroftheGlobalWaterPolicyProjectinAmherst,Mass.Twothirdsofthisfreshwaterislockedinglaciersandicecaps.Infact,onlyatinypercentageoffreshwaterispartofthewatercycle,inwhichwaterevaporatesandrisesintotheatmosphere,thencondensesandfallsbacktoEarthasprecipitation(rainorsnow).
Someprecipitationrunsofflandtolakesandoceans,andsomebecomesgroundwater,waterthatseepsintotheearth.MuchofthisrenewablefreshwaterendsupinremoteplacesliketheAmazonriverbasininBrazil,wherefewpeoplelive.Infact,theworld’spopulationhasaccesstoonly12,500cubickilometersoffreshwater—abouttheamountofwaterinLakeSuperior.Andpeopleusehalfofthisamountalready.“Ifwaterdemandcontinuestoclimbrapidly,”saysPostel,“therewillbesevereshortagesanddamagetotheaquaticenvironment.”
ClosetoHome
WaterwoesmayseemremotetopeoplelivinginrichcountriesliketheUnitedStates.ButAmericanscouldfaceseriouswatershortages,tooespeciallyinareasthatrelyongroundwater.Groundwateraccumulatesinaquifers,layersofsandandgravelthatliebetweensoilandbedrock.(Foreveryliterofsurfacewater,morethan90litersarehiddenunderground.)AlthoughtheUnitedStateshaslargeaquifers,farmers,ranchers,andcitiesaretappingmanyofthemforwaterfasterthannaturecanreplenishit.InnorthwestTexas,forexample,overpumpinghasshrunkgroundwatersuppliesby25percent,accordingtoPostel.
Americansmayfaceevenmoreurgentproblemsfrompollution.DrinkingwaterintheUnitedStatesisgenerallysafeandmeetshighstandards.Nevertheless,oneinfiveAmericanseverydayunknowinglydrinkstapwatercontaminatedwithbacteriaandchemicalwastes,accordingtotheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.InMilwaukee,400,000peoplefellillin1993afterdrinkingtapwatertaintedwithcryptosporidium,amicrobethatcausesfever,diarrheaandvomiting.
TheSource
Wheredocontaminantscomefrom?
Indevelopingcountries,peopledumprawsewageintothesamestreamsandriversfromwhichtheydrawwaterfordrinkingandcooking;about250millionpeopleayeargetsickfromwaterbornediseases.
Indevelopedcountries,manufacturersuse100,000chemicalcompoundstomakeawiderangeofproducts.Toxicchemicalspollutewaterwhenreleaseduntreatedintoriversandlakes.(Certaincompounds,suchaspolychlorinatedbiphenyls,orPCBs,havebeenbannedintheUnitedStates.)
Butalmosteveryonecontributestowaterpollution.Peopleoftenpourhouseholdcleaners,carantifreeze,andpaintthinnersdownthedrain;allofthesecontainhazardouschemicals.Scientists studyingwaterintheSanFranciscoBayreportedin1996that70percentofthepollutantscouldbetracedtohouseholdwaste.
Farmershavebeencriticizedforoverusingherbicidesandpesticides,chemicalsthatkillweedsandinsectsbutthatpollutewateraswell.Farmersalsousenitrates,nitrogenrichfertilizerthathelpplantsgrowbutthatcanwreakhavocontheenvironment.Nitratesaresweptawaybysurfacerunofftolakesandseas.Toomanynitrates“overenrich”thesebodiesofwater,encouragingthebuildupofalgae,ormicroscopicplantsthatliveonthesurfaceofthewater.Algaedeprivethewaterofoxygenthatfishneedtosurvive,attimeschokingofflifeinanentirebodyofwater.
What’stheSolution?
WaterexpertGleickadvocatesconservationandlocalsolutionstowater-relatedproblems;governments,forinstance,wouldbebetteroffbuildingsmall-scaledamsratherthanhugeanddisruptiveprojectsliketheonethatruinedtheAralSea.
“Morethan1billionpeopleworldwidedon’thaveaccesstobasiccleandrinkingwater,”saysGleick.“Therehastobeastrongpushonthepartofeveryone—governmentsandordinarypeople—tomakesurewehavearesourcesofundamentaltolife.”
1.WhatcausedtheAralSeatoshrink?
[A]Theriversflowingintoithavebeendiverted.[B]Farmersuseditswatertoirrigatetheirfarmland.[C]Governmentplannersoverpumpeditswater.[D]Hightemperaturemadeitswaterbadlyevaporate.
2.Theconstructionofmassivedamsandirrigationprojects.
[A]doesmoregoodthanharm[B]solvesmoreproblemsthanwhattheycreated
[C]doesmoreharmthangood[D]bringsmorewatertopeoplethanexpected
3.Thechiefcausesofwatershortageinclude.
[A]populationgrowthandwaterwaste[B]waterpollutionanddryweather
[C]waterwasteandpollution[D]populationgrowthandwaterpollution
4.Americanscouldsufferfromgreatlyseriouswatershortages?
[A]livinginrichareas[B]livinginbigcitiesbutpoorcondition
[C]dependingongroundwater[D]bearinghighstandardsofsafedrinkingwaterinmind
5.Whatisthemainpollutantindevelopedcountries?
[A]Untreatedtoxicchemicalsfrommanufacturers.[B]Rawsewageintoriversandstreams.
[C]Herbicidesandpesticidesusedbyfarmers.[D]Householdcleanerspoureddownthedrain.
6.Howdoesalgaemakethreatstolifeofabodyofwater?
[A]Bycoveringthewholesurfaceofthewater.[B]Bycompetitivelyusingoxygenlifeinwaterneeds.
[C]Bylivingmorerapidlythanotherlifeinwater.[D]Byreleasinghazardouschemicalsintowater.
7.AccordingtoGleick,whoshouldberesponsibleforsolvingwater-relatedproblems?
[A]governmentandhousewives.[B]farmersandmanufacturers.
[C]ordinarypeopleandmanufacturers.[D]governmentandeveryperson.
PartⅣReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)
SectionA
Directions:
Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.
Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury.Earlyinthe1900smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysthe47ofatown.Thisstreetwaslinedonthebothsideswithmany48businesses.Here,shopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:
clothing,furniture,hardware,groceries.Inaddition,someshopsoffered49.Thereshopsincludeddrugstores,restaurants,shoerepairstores,andbarberorhairdressingshops.Butinthe1950s,achangebeganto50place.ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreetwhiletoofewparkingplaceswere51toshoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowded,merchantsbegantolookwithinterestattheopenspacesoutsidethecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircardrivingcustomers52.Andopenspaceiswhattheygotwhenthefirstshoppingcentrewasbuilt.Shoppingcenters,orrathermalls,53asacollectionofsmallnewstoresawayfromcrowdedcitycenters.Attractedbyhundredsoffreeparkingspace,customersweredrawnawayfrom54areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing55ofshoppingcentersledinturntothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores.Bythelate1970s,manyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe56ofthestopshopping,mallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks,withbenches,fountains,andoutdoorentertainment.
[A]designed[F]convenience[K]cosmetics[B]take[G]services[L]started
[C]heart[H]fame[M]downtown[D]needed[I
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