Listen To This2第15课.docx
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Listen To This2第15课.docx
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ListenToThis2第15课
ListenToThis2第15课
Lesson15
A:
Didyouhearonthenewstodayaboutthat...uh...murdererwhowasexecuted?
B:
Ican'tbelieveit.
A:
Yeah.That'sthefirsttimeintenyearsthatthey'veusedcapitalpunishment.
B:
Ijustcan'tbelieveinoursocietytodaythattheywouldactuallykillanotherhumanbeing.Nobodyhastherighttotakeanotherperson'slife.
A:
Oh,Idon'tagree.Listen,Ithinkcapitalpunishmentis—it'sabouttimeitcameback.Ithinkthat'sexactlywhatkillersdeserve.
B:
No,theydon'tdeservethat.Becauseonceyou'rekillingakiller,you'rethekiller,too.Youbecomeakilleraswell.
A:
No,listen.Youtakealife,youhavetobewillingtogiveupyourown.Andalso,Ithinkthatifyouhaveadeathpenaltyitwillpreventotherpeoplefromkilling.Ithinkit'sagooddeterrent.
B:
Idon'tthinkit'sagooddeterrentatall.Mygoodnessgracious.Imean,firstofall,areyousurethepersonyou'veconvictedtodeathisreallyguilty?
A:
Well,Ithinkthat'saveryrare...veryrareincidence.
B:
Idon'tthinkit'srare,(Idon'tthinkit's...)withallthecrackerjacklawyerswehavetoday,(Well,no...I...)andthejudicialsystemthewayitis.
A:
Ithinkit'sarareincidence,andIthinkit'smoreimportanttogetridofthe...thebadseed,youknow?
B:
Butyoudon'tgetridofit.Yourehabilitatesomebodylikethat.(Oh...)Youdon'teliminate,yourehabilitate.
A:
Listen,studiesshowthatcriminalsareneverreallyrehabilitated.Whenthey're...whentheycomeoutofprisontheyjustgobacktoalifeofcrime,andthey'rehardenedbythatcrime.
B:
Becausetherehabilitationprocesshastobemorethanjustwhat'sinjail.Imean,(Oh...well.)whenyou'reinjailyoudohavetowork,butwhenyou'reoutofjailtherehastobeanextensiveprogram.Wehavetoexpandontheideatillitworks.
A:
Idon'tagree.Listen—and,anyway,thejailsandtheprisonsarealreadyverycrowded,andwehavetopay,thetaxpayers.Ourmoneygoestomaintainingmurderers'(I...)lives.
B:
Iagreewithyou.That'swhyit'simportanttolookattheproblemonamuchlargerscale.Therealproblemisasocialproblem.(What...no...)Thereareotherproblemsthatcausepeopletokill.Lookatpoverty,drugs,discrimination.
A:
Somepeoplearejustbad.They'rejustevilandthere'snothingyoucando.
B:
No,there...itis...no,itisn'ttrue.There'srehabilitation.(No.)Andthey...we'reallresponsibleit...for...tohumanity.That'soneofthereasons...
A:
Well,butinthemeantimeyouhavetotakecareofthepeoplewhohavealreadycommitted...
B:
Iagreewithyouthere.
A:
Preventativeisdifferent,but...
B:
Iagreewithyouthere.
Announcer:
On'TVMagazine'tonightwe'relookingatpeoplewhohavegivenupregularjobsandhighsalariestostartanewwayoflife.Firstofall,wehavetwointerviewswithpeoplewhodecidedtoleavethe'ratrace'.NicolaBurgessspoketothem.
Nicola:
ThisistheIsleofSkye.BehindmeyoucanseethecroftbelongingtoDanielandMichelleBurns,whogaveuptheirjobstocometothisremoteareaofScotland.DanielwasthesalesmanagerofHi-Vita,thebreakfastcerealcompany,andMichellewasasuccessfuladvertisingexecutive.Michelle,canyoutelluswhatmadeyougiveupeverythingtocomehere?
Michelle:
Everything?
That'samatterofopinion.Abighouseandtwocarsisn'teverything!
DanandIbothusedtoworklonghours.Wehadtoleavesoearlyinthemorningandwecamehomesolateatnight,thatwehardlyeversaweachother.Weshouldhavecomehereyearsago,butwewereearningsuchbigsalariesthatwewereafraidtoleaveourjobs.Intheendwehadsolittletimetogetherthatourmarriagewasbreakingup.Sotwoyearsago,wetookaweek'sholidayintheScottishHighlands.Wesawthisplaceandwebothfellinlovewithit.Itwasforsale,andwelikeditsomuchthatwedecidedtogiveupourjobs,andhereweare!
Nicola:
Howdoyouearnaliving?
Ifyoudon'tmindmeasking.
Michelle:
Wedon'tneedverymuch.Wekeepsheepandgoats,growourownvegetables.We'vegotafewchickens.It'saverysimplelife,andwe'renotinitforprofit.We'restillsobusythatweworkfromfiveinthemorninguntileightatnight,butwe'retogether.We'rehappierthanwe'reeverbeenandwe'releadinganaturallife.
Nicola:
Theremustbesomethingsyoumiss,surely.
Michelle:
Idon'tknow.WeknewsuchalotofpeopleinLondon,buttheyweren'trealfriends.Weseeourneighboursoccasionallyandthere'ssuchalottodoonthefarmthatwedon'thavetimetofeellonely.Atleastweseeeachothernow.
Nicola:
Themotor-bikeI'msittingonisaveryspecialone.Specialbecauseit'sbeenallthewayroundtheworld.ItbelongstoLukeSaunders,whohasjustreturnedtoEnglandafterathreeyearmotor-cyclejourney.Luke,whatledyoutoleaveyourjobandmakethistrip?
Luke:
Iworkedinacarfactoryontheassemblyline.AllIhadtodowasputfournutsontheboltsthatholdthewheelson.It'sdonebyrobotsnow,andagoodthingtoo!
ThejobwassoroutinethatIdidn'thavetothinkatall.IboughtthisTriumph750ccbikesecond-hand,fittedtwopanniersonthebackandjustsetoffforAustralia.
Nicola:
Whatdidyoudoformoney?
Luke:
Ihadabitofmoneytostartwith,butofcourseitdidn'tlastlongandIhadtofindworkwhereIcould.I'vedonesomanydifferentthings—pickedfruit,washedup,workedasamechanic.
Nicola:
Howdidpeoplereacttoyou?
InIndia,forexample.
Luke:
EverywhereIwent,thepeopleweresofriendlythatproblemsseemedtosolvethemselves.Therewassuchalotofinterestinthebikethatitwaseasytostartaconversation.Youknow,oftenyoucancommunicatewithoutreallyknowingthelanguage.
Nicola:
Didyoueverfeellikegivingup,turningroundandcominghome?
Luke:
Onlyonce,inBangladesh.IbecamesoillwithfoodpoisoningthatIhadtogotohospital.Butitdidn'tlastlong.
Nicola:
You'vehadsuchanexcitingtimethatyou'llfinditdifficulttosettledown,won'tyou?
Luke:
I'mnotgoingto.NextweekI'moffagain,butthistimeI'mgoingintheoppositedirection!
Seeyouinaboutthreeyears'time!
HereisanextractfromaradiotalkontheworkofSigmundFreudbyProfessorEricWatkis:
SigmundFreuddevelopedhissystemofpsychoanalysiswhilehewasstudyingcasesofmentalillness.Byexaminingdetailsofthepatient'slife,hefoundthattheillnesscouldoftenbetracedbacktosomedefiniteproblemorconflictwithinthepersonconcerned.Buthediscovered,too,thatmanyoftheneurosesobservedinmentallyillpatientswerealsopresent,toalesserdegree,innormalpersons.Thisledhimtotherealizationthattheborderlinebetweenthenormalandtheneuroticpersonisnotnearlyasclearlymarkedaswasoncebelieved.
In1914hepublishedabookcalledThePsychopathologyofEverydayLife.Thisbookgoesalongwaytowardsexplainingsomeofthestrangebehaviourofnormal,sanepeople.
AglanceatFreud'schapterheadingswillindicatesomeoftheaspectsofbehaviourcoveredbythebook:
Forgettingofpropernames
Forgettingofforeignwords
Childhoodandconcealingmemories
Mistakesinspeech
Mistakesinreadingandwriting
Broadly,Freuddemonstratesthattherearegoodreasonsformanyoftheslipsanderrorsthatwemake.Weforgetanamebecause,unconsciously,wedonotwishtorememberthatname.Werepressachildhoodmemorybecausethatmemoryispainfultous.Aslipofthetongueorofthepenbetraysawishorathoughtofwhichweareashamed.
Inthesedayswheneverywould-bedoctororwriterhasaccesstoFreud'saccountsofhisresearch,itisworthpausingandrememberingtheremarkablescopeandoriginalityofhisideas.
Cheeseisoneofthosefoodsthatwetendtotakeforgrantedasalwayshavingbeenwithus,andit'soddtothinkthatsomeonesomewheremusthavediscoveredtheprocessthattakesplacewhenmicro-organismsgetintomilkandbringaboutchangesinitsphysicalandbiochemicalstructure.
Obviously,wedon'tknowwhodiscoveredtheprocess,butit'sthoughtthatitcamefromSouth-WestAsiaabout8,000yearsago.
Earlycheesewasprobablyratherunpalatablestuff,tastelessandblandinthecaseoftheso-called'freshcheeses',whichareeatenimmediatelyafterthemilkhascoagulated,androughtastingandsaltyinthecaseofthe'ripened'cheeses,whicharemadebyaddingsalttothesoftfreshcheeseandallowingotherbiochemicalprocessestocontinuesothatastrongertasteandamoresolidtextureresult.
TheancientRomanschangedallthat.Theyweregreatpioneersintheartofcheese-making,andthedifferentvarietiesofcheesetheyinventedandthetechniquesforproducingthemspreadwiththemtothecountriestheyinvaded.Thisdisseminationofnewtechniquestookplacebetweenabout60BCand300AD.YoucanstilltracetheirinfluenceintheEnglishword'cheese',whichcomesultimatelyfromtheLatinword'caseus',that'sC-A-S-E-U-S.
Well,thingswentonquietlyenoughaftertheRomanperiodwiththecheeseproducersinthedifferentcountriesgettingonwithdevelopingtheirownspecialities.It'samazingthevarietyofflavoursyoucangetfromessentiallythesameprocess.
Atthisstageinhistory,peopleweren'tawareinascientificwayoftheroleofdifferentmicro-organismsandenzymesinproducingdifferenttypesofcheese.Buttheyknewfromexperiencethatifyoukeptyourmilkoryour'pre-cheese'mixtureatacertaintemperatureorinacertainenvironment,thingswouldturnoutinacertainway.TheRo
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