古英语和中世纪英语英国文学考点.docx
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古英语和中世纪英语英国文学考点.docx
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古英语和中世纪英语英国文学考点
古英语和中世纪英语英国文学考点
第一章古英语时期和中世纪时期的英国文学考点1.TheOldEnglishpoetrycanbedividedintotwogroups:
thereligiousgroupandthesecularone.TheBibleconsistsoftheOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.Beowulf《贝尔武夫》,atypicalexampleofOldEnglishpoetry,isregardedasthegreatestnationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.TheepicdescribestheexploitsofaScandinavianhero,Beowulf,infightingagainstthemonsterGrendel,hisrevengefulmother,andafire-breathingdragoninhisdecliningyears.Whilefightingagainstthedragon,Beowulfwasmortallywounded.However,hekilledthedragonatthecostofhislife.Beowulfisshownnotonlyasagloriousherobutalsoasaprotectorofthepeople.2.RomanceisapopularliteraryforminthemedievalEngland.Itsingsknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds.Chivalry(suchasbravery,honor,generosity,andkindnesstotheweakandpoor)isthespiritofromance.3.JohnGoweristheauthorofSirGawainandtheGreenKnight,thebestromanceoftheperiod.WilliamLanglandisamorerealisticwriterwhodealtwiththereligiousandsocialissuesofhisdayinPiersPlowman《农夫皮尔斯》.4.GeoffryChauceristhegreatestwriterofMiddleAges.HismasterpieceTheCanterburyTales《坎特伯蕾故事集》presents,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,acomprehensiverealisticpictureofthemedievalEnglishsocietyandcreatesawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflife.In“TheCanterburyTales”,Chaucerdevelopedhisartofpoetrystillfurthertowardsdramaandtheartofthenovel.InTroilusandCriseyd,hegavetheworldwhatisvirtuallythefirstmodernnovel.ChaucerwroteinMiddleEnglishanddidmuchinmakingLondondialectthefoundationformodernEnglishlanguage.Thoughessentiallystillamedievalwriter,Chaucerboremarksofhumanismandanticipatedaneweratocome.Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisesman’senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.Histalesexposedandsatirizedtheevilsofhistime.Thesetalesattackedthedegenerationofthenoble,theheartlessnessofthejudge,thecorruptionofthechurch,etc.Inhisworks,hedevelopedhischaracterizationtoahigherlevelbypresentingcharacterswithbothtypicalqualitiesandindividualdispositions.“TheWifeofBath”isafamoustaleinwhichtheheroineisdepictedasthenewbourgeois.Takingthestandoftherisingbourgeoisie,heaffirmsmenandopposesthedogmaofasceticismpreachedbythechurch.ChaucerintroducedfromFrancerhymedstanzasofvarioustypesintoEnglishpoetrytoreplacetheOldEnglishalliterativeverse.ItwashewhousedforthefirsttimeinEnglishtherhymedcoupletofiambicpentameterthatwaslatercalledthe“heroiccouplet”.TheChaucer’sreputationhasbeensecurelyestablishedasoneofthebestEnglishpoetsforhiswisdom,humor,andhumanity.JohnDrydencalledChaucerthefatherofEnglishpoetry.
第二章文艺复兴时期的英国文学考点1.Renaissancereferstothetransitionalperiodfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.ItfirststartedinItalyinthe14thcentury,lastingintothe17thcentury.TheRenaissancemeansrebirthorrevival.ItwasmarkedbyahumanisticrevivalofancientRomanandGreekclassicsexpressedinafloweringoftheartsandliteratureandbythebeginningsofmodernscience.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.TheEnglishRenaissancedidnotbeginuntilthereignofHenryVIII.ItwasusuallyregardedasEngland’sGoldenAge,especiallyinliterature.AmongtheliterarygiantswereShakespeare,Spenser,Johnson,Sidney,Marlowe,BaconandDonne,andJohnMiltonwasthelastgreatpoetoftheEnglishRenaissance.TherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanceistheElizabethandrama.2.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Itemphasizesthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife.Humanistsvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmanwasthecenteroftheuniverseandmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthepresentlife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.3.PetrarchwasregardedasthefountainheadofliteraturebytheEnglishwriters.WyattintroducedthePetrarchansonnetintoEngland.Surreybroughtinblankverse(无韵体诗),i.e.theunrhymediambic(抑扬格的)pentameter(五音步的)line.4.Renaissancedrama:
theElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.EnglishdramaswereinfluencedbytheGreekandRomanclassics.ThomasKydwrotetheearliestpopulartragedyofbloodandrevenge,TheSpanishTragedy.ThemostfamousdramatistsintheRenaissanceEnglandareChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare,andBenJohnson.ElizabethandramareacheditspeakinShakespeare’sworks.Shakespeare’scompassionateunderstandingofthehumanfatehasperpetuatedhisgreatnessandmadehimtherepresentativefigureofEnglishliteratureforthewholeworld.FrancisBaconwasthefirstimportantEnglishessayist.HewasthefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.Hiswritingpavedthewayfortheuseofscientificmethod.5.UniversityWitreferstoanyofanotablegroupofpioneerEnglishdramatistswritingduringthelast15yearsofthe16thcentury.Theytransformedthenativedramaticinheritanceofinterludeandchronicleplayintoapotentiallygreatdramabywritingplaysofqualityanddiversity.IndoingsotheypreparedthegroundforgeniusofWilliamShakespeare.TheirforerunnerwasJohnLily,ChristopherMarlowe,ThomasNashe,RobertGreen,andThomasKyd,etc.AllthesewritersexceptThomasKydtookdegreesfromuniversitieslikeOxfordandCambridge.6.EdmundSpenser:
TheShepherd’sCalendarishisearlywork.Spenser’smasterpieceistheFaerieQueene《仙后》,agreatpoemofitsage.TherearefivemainqualitiesinSpenser’spoetry:
aperfectmelody;araresenseofbeauty;a
splendidimagination;aloftymoralpurityandseriousness,andadedicatedidealism.ItisSpenser’sidealism,hisloveofbeauty,andhisexquisitemelodythatearnhimthetitleof“thepoets’poet.”(诗人的诗人)TheFaerieQueeneiswritteninthestanzainventedbySpenserhimself,theSpenserianstanza,i.e.,astanza(诗的一节)ofninelines,withthefirsteightlinesiniambicpentameterandthelastlineiniambichexameter(六音步),rhymingababbcbcc.7.ChristopherMarlowe:
(1)Asthemostgiftedofthe“UniversityWits”,Marlowecomposedsixplayswithinhisshortlifetime.Amongthemthemostimportantare:
Tamburlaine,Dr.Faustus,TheJewofMaltaandEdwardII.TamburlaineisaplayaboutanambitiousandpitilessTartarconquerorinthefourteenthcenturywhorosefromashepherdtoanoverpoweringking.Bydepictingagreatherowithhighambitionandsheerbrutalforceinconqueringoneenemyafteranother,MorlowevoicedthesupremedesireofthemanoftheRenaissanceforinfinitepowerandauthority.Dr.FaustusisaplaybasedontheGermanlegendofamagicianaspiringforknowledgeandfinallymeetinghistragicendasaresultofsellinghissoultotheDevil.Itcelebratesthehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness;italsorevealsman’sfrustrationinrealizingthehighaspirationsinahostilemoralorder.Andtheconfinementtotimeisthecruelestfactofman’scondition.Theplayisagoodexampletoillustratetheideathatamangainsthewholeworldbutloseshisownsoul.
(2)Marlowe’sgreatestliteraryachievementliesinthatheperfectedtheblankverseandmadeittheprincipalmediumofEnglishdrama.Hebroughtvitalityandgrandeurintotheblankversewithhis“mightylines”whichcarrystrongemotions.Marlowe’ssecondachievementishiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.Suchheroisalwaysindividualisticandfullofambition,facingbravelythechallengefrombothgodsandmen.SuchaheroembodiesMarlowe’shumanisticidealofhumandignityandcapacity.Withtheendlessaspirationforpower,knowledge,andglory,theheroembodiesthetrueRenaissancespirit.8.WilliamShakespeare(1564—1616):
(1)ShakespearewasbornonApril23,1564,intoamerchant’sfamilyinStratford-on-Avon.In1582,hegotmarriedandhadthreechildren.ItwasprobablybecausehehadtosupporthisgrowingfamilythatheleftforLondon.Shakespearewrote38plays,154sonnetsand2longpoems.HeisthegreatestdramatistoftheEnglishRenaissance.Shakespeareisaboveallwritersinthepastandinthepresenttime.RobertGreene,oneofthe“UniversityWits”,resentfullydeclaredhimtobe“anupstartcrow.”HediedonApril23,1616.Shakespeareissurpassinglygreatbecausehisworksneverfailtobearakindofclosenesstohumanlifeandneverfailtobethemirrorreflectinghumannature.ShakespeareissogreatthatmaybeonlyBenJohnson’spraisingpoemwillsomewhatcoverhisgreatness:
“…SouloftheAge!
Theapplause!
delight!
Thewonderofourstage!
Triumph,myBritain,thouhastoneto
showTowhomallscenesofEuropehomageowe.Hewasnotofanage,butforalltime!
”
(2)Shakespeare’sfourdramaticperiods:
a.Hisfirstdramaticperiodwasoneofapprenticeship.Hewrotefivehistoryplays:
HenryVI,PartsI,II,andIII,RichardIII,andTitusAndronicus;andfourcomedies:
TheComedyofErrors,TheTwoGentlemenofVerona,TheTamingoftheShrew,andLove’sLabour’sLost.b.Hisseconddramaticperiodwashighlyindividualized.Hewrotefivehistoryplays:
RichardII,KingJohn,HenryIV,PartsIandII,andHenryV;sixcomedies:
AMidsummerNight’sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,MuchAdoAboutNothing,AsYouLikeIt,TwelfthNight,andTheMerryWivesofWindsor;andtwotragedies:
RomeoandJulietandJuliusCaesar.RomeoandJulieteulogizesthefaithfulnessofloveandthespiritofpursuinghappiness.Theplay,thoughatragedy,ispermeatedwithoptimisticspirit.Shakespeare’shistoryplaysofthesetwoperiodsaremainlywrittenundertheprinciplethatn
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