Roman Architecture 耶鲁.docx
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Roman Architecture 耶鲁.docx
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RomanArchitecture耶鲁
RomanArchitecture:
Lecture17Transcript
March31,2009
< ProfessorDianaE.E.Kleiner: Goodmorning.FromthetimeofJuliusCaesar,wehaveseentherulersofRomebragaboutbuildingbuildingsthatwerebiggerthananyothersintheworld.You'llrememberCaesarreferredtohisTempleofMarsinthatway,thathewasbuildingthelargestTempleofMarsintheworld.AndwealsosawthesameforDomitian,withhispalaceonthePalatineHill;forTrajanwithhisenormousforum;forHadrian,buildingthegreatest--largestdomethathadbeenbuiltupuntilthattimeand,aswediscussed,stillthelargestdiameterdomeinthecityofRometoday;andHadrian'sVillaatTivoli,justasaselectionofexamples.Wearegoingtoseetodaythatifbiggerwasbetter,biggestisbest,andinthecaseoftheemperorCaracalla,anemperorwhowasamegalomaniac,inthetraditionofNeroandDomitian,thathebuiltthelargestimperialbathstructuretodate.Andwe'regoingtobelookingatthatbathstructuretoday,andwe'regoingtoseeitasreallyacolossalandfascinatingbuilding,inallkindsofways.ButbeforeIgettothat--infact,we'llendwiththatbathstructuretoday--beforeIgettothat,IwouldliketolookwithyouatarchitectureinRome,inthesecondandthirdcenturiesA.D.,andwe'llseethatarchitectureisquitevariedintermsofwhetherit'sprivate,it'scivic,it'salsofunerary. Iwanttobeginthoughbyjustremindingyouofwhatwetalkedaboutlasttime.WelookedatthecityofOstia,andwelookedatthecityofOstia,theportofRome,initsentirety;onceagain,itspublicbuildings,itscivicstructures,itscommercialenterprises.Andwealsowent,attheveryendofthelecture,outtoIsolaSacra,wherethetombsofthosewholivedinOstiawerelocated.AndIshowyouacoupleofthoseagainnowonthescreen;thesebrick-facedtombs,thesetombsthataremadeofconcrete,atIsolaSacra,thatwereputupfortheprofessionals,forthetraders,thecommercialmerchantsandsoonthatlivedinthecityofOstia.Theyweremadeofbrick-facedconcreteconstruction.Theyhadbarrelvaultsorgroinvaultsinside. Andyoucanseealsothattheywerefacedwithbrick,andtheywerefacedwithbrick,aswediscussed,thatwasexposed;theideaofbrickbeingattractiveinitsownright,afabulouslybeautifulfacing,thattheytakeadvantageofinthesecondcenturyA.D.,anddecidenottostuccoitover,asyoucanseesowellhere.Thedoorwaysintothosetombs,surroundedbytravertinejambsandlintels,theinscriptioninthecenter,thesmallslitwindows,andthenapedimentatthetop.Wesaw,whenwelookedatfuneraryarchitectureintheageofAugustus,forexample,thatiswasveryvaried;veryvaried.Tombsintheshapeofpyramids,intheshapeofcirculartombs.Tombsthatmadereferencetobakeries,liketheTomboftheBakerEurysaces.ThereisstillacertainamountofvarietyintombarchitectureinthesecondcenturyA.D.,buttheytendtohoneinononetypeinparticular,andthattypeistheso-calledhousetombtype;whichisexactlywhatweseehere,atombthatisrectangularinshape,forthemostpart,boxlike,anddoesresemble,veryclosely,ahouse;thiscloserelationshipthatwe'vetalkedaboutsomanytimesthissemesterbetweenhousesofthelivingandhousesofthedead.Sowelookedatthoselasttime. AndwhereIwanttobegintodayisjusttodemonstratetoyouthatthesesamekindsofhousetombsthatweseeinOstiaandIsolaSacra,inthesecondcenturyA.D.,wealsoseeinRome.Andinsomecasestheyarecommissionedbyindividualsofcomparablesocialstatus,tothoseinOstia,butsometimestheyarecommissionedbythemostelite.AndI'dliketobeginwithanexampleofasimilartombcommissionedbythemostelite.Thisistheso-calledTombofAnniaRegilla,inRome.ItwasputuponthefamousviaAppia,ortheAppianWay.ItdatestoaroundA.D.161.Inthiscaseweknowwhothecommissionerwas,andIcanshowyouwhathelookedlikeaswell.Youseehimhere,ontheright-handsideofthescreen.HewasamanbythenameofHerodesAtticus;I'veputhisnameontheMonumentListforyou,HerodesAtticus.HerodesAtticuswasactuallyaGreek.HewasAthenian,fromtheGreekpartoftheEmpire.HelivedinAthens,forthemostpart,andhecommissionedaveryfamousmusichall,anodeon,whichstillsurvives.Youcanseeitoverhere.It'swithoutitsrooftoday,butitwasoriginallyoneoftheseroofedmusichalls,anodeon.ItislocatedontheslopeoftheAcropolisinAthens;theAcropolisthatofcourseweknowprimarilyforitsgreatarchitecturalfeatsofthefifthcenturyB.C.inGreece. ThisistheRomanbuilding,putupbyHerodesinthesecondcentury,andweseeitontheslopeoftheAcropolis,verywellpreserved.InmoderntimesitsgreatestfameisthefactthatYanni
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