TESOL考试高级全部作业参考答案.docx

TESOL考试高级全部作业参考答案.docx

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TESOLisanacronymstandsforTeachingEnglishtoSpeakersofOtherLanguages.Besides,itcanalsostandforarelatedassociation,TeachersofEnglishtoSpeakersofOtherLanguages.

Llmeansthefirstlanguageasnativetongue,suchsEnglishforpeoplewhocomefromUSAandUK.

L2meansthesecondlanguage,suchasEnglishforpeoplewhocomefromChinaandJapan.

SLAmeansSecondLanguageAcquisition,whichusuallyreferstotheacquisitionofanyotherlanguageaftertheacquisitionofthemothertongue.

Pedagogy

Pedagogyisusuallydefinedastheapproachtoteaching,focusingontheinfluenceofthelearningprocessonlearnersfrommanyaspects.Pedagogyisakindofacademicdiscipline,studyingtheappropriateuseofknowledgeandskillsintheeducationalprocess,andtheinteractionbetweenteachersandlearnersinthelearningprocess.Pedagogycangiveteachersboththeoreticalandpracticalguidanceontheirteachingbehaviorsandmethods,theirunderstandingofstudents'needs,andhowtodealwithdifferentstudents.Pedagogyhasgreatinfluencesonmanyfields,anditdevelopsgradually.

DefinePsycholinguisticsandMultilingualism

Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlinguisticfactorsandpsychologicalaspects.Itstudieshowpsychologicalandneurobiologicalfactorsinfluencepeople'sacquiring,use,comprehension,andproductionoflanguage.Itisconcernedwithmanyaspects,suchasthecognitivefacultiesandprocessesthatrefertogrammaticalformsoflanguageandtheperceptionofconstructionsbyalistener.

Multilingualism

Multilingualismistheuseofmorethanonelanguage,whichcanbeusedtodefineapersonoragroupofpeoplespeakingmorethanonelanguageaswell.Itnowoftenappearsinourdailylife.Itisalsoapartofcontinuumbetweeninternationalizationandlocalization.

Assignment-Definesociolinguistics,andexplainthedifferencebetweenmacroandmicrosociolinguistics.

Write1-2paragraphsabout4-5sentenceseach.

Sociolinguisticsstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthewayitisusedfrommanyaspects.Fromtheviewofsociolinguistics,languagehasitssocialdimension,whilesocietyhasitslinguisticdimension.Itstudieshowlanguagevarietiesdifferbetweengroupsseparatedbysocialdifferences.Meanwhile,itstudieshowtousethesedisciplinestocategorizepeopleinsocialandsocioeconomicclasses.

Micro-sociolinguisticsreferstoresearchthatfocusesondialectandstylisticvariation.Macro-sociolinguisticsstudieshowlanguagecreatesandmanagessocialculturesaswellastherelativestatusandfunctionsofthelanguagesinthecertainsociety.Ittriestoexplainwhyimmigrantschoosetokeeporabandontheirnativelanguage,andtheinfluenceofsocialidentityonhowtochoosealanguage.Bothstudyhowlanguageinfluencesculturesandcitizensofasociety.

Assignment-DescribeandExplainFiveApproachestoTESOL

Essay:

Anapproachisawayofdoingsomething,whileamethodistheprocessofdoingitReviewtheGuide（typeApproachesandclickTeach）,theReading-ApproachesandMethodstoTESOLandTeachingEnglishtoSpeakersofOtherLanguages:

AnIntroductionpps.8-14.FocusonapproachesasmethodsarediscussedinanotherassignmentWrite5paragraphsabout3-5sentenceseach.

CommunicativeApproach

Thisapproachismadebyeducatorsandlinguistswhoaredissatisfiedwithteachingapproachesmerelyfocusingongrammar.Theythinkstudentscannotproperlyusetheirlearninglanguageinthecommunity.SoCommunicativeApproachguidesteacherstousereal-lifesituationstohelpstudentsfinishnecessarycommunicationunderdifferentcircumstances.Throughthisapproach,studentscanbemoremotivatedtomakemeaningfulconversationsandtrulyuselanguageindailycommunication.

WholeLanguageApproach

Itisaliteracyphilosophythatemphasizesthatchildrenshouldfocusonmeaningandstrategyinstruction.Itoftencorrespondstophonics-basedmethodsofteachingreadingandwriting.Itemphasizestheunderstandingandexpressionofmeanings,theloveofbooks,andtheabilityofreadingandwriting.However,somescholarsdisagreewiththisapproachforitsboundedness.

TheNaturalApproach

TheNaturalApproachbasesonlanguageasasetofmessagesthatcanbeunderstood.Itaimstohelplearnersmakeprogressaccordingtotheirownneeds,whichalsoaffectsthecorrespondingsyllabus.TheNaturalApproachadoptstechniquesandactivitiesfromdifferentsourcesbutusesthemtoprovidecomprehensibleinput.Besides,manyhypothesesdevelopunderthisapproach,liketheacquisitionhypothesis,themonitorhypothesis,thenaturalorderhypothesis,theinputhypothesis,andtheaffectivefilterhypothesis.

Art/MusicalApproach

Teacherscanuseactivitiesrelatedtoartandmusictohelpstudentsstudy.Musicandlanguagehaveacloseconnectiontobrainprocessingbypitch,rhythm,andbysymmetricalphrasing.Musicplaysaveryimportantroleinlearningalanguage.Itcanhelpconsolidatestudents'expressionsandmaketheclassmoreinteresting.

VocabularyApproach

Thisapproachistheintroductionandpracticeofvocabularies.Studentscanaccumulatetheirvocabulariesbyincidentalacquisitionorthroughdirectstudy.Tostrengthenstudents'vocabulary,teacherscanuseactivitieslike"listenandrepeat","quickpeektechnique"and"what'smissing?

".

Assignment-ListandDefineFiveMethodsofTeachingEnglishasaSecondLanguage.

Essay:

Anapproachisawayofdoingsomething,whileamethodistheprocessofdoingitReviewtheReading-ApproachesandMethodstoTESOL,Reading-TESOLMethodologiesandApproaches,andTeachingEnglishtoSpeakersofOtherLanguages:

AnIntroductionpps.8-14.Focusonmethodsasapproachesarediscussedinanotherassignment.Write5paragraphsabout3-5sentenceseach.

TheAudiolingualMethod

ItisbasedontheBehavioristPsychologyandlearnedmuchfromtheDirectMethod.Itaskedteacherstousemethodslikemimicry,memorization,andover-learningtomasterknowledgepointsonebyone.UnlikeGrammarMemorization,theAudiolingualMethodteacheslittlegrammarbutusesrepetitivedrillstotrainlearnerslistening,speaking,reading,andwritingabilities,andpreventthemfrommakingmistakes.

TotalPhysicalResponse

TPRisamethodthatcombinesinformationandskillsusingtouchandmovement.Teachersalwaysuseimperativesentencestogivestudentsinstructionsthatwillbeperformedbythemselves,comfortablyandconfidently,insteadofforcingbyothers.TPRisbasedontheLIlanguagelearningprocess,andseveralstudiesbelievethattheefficiencyofTPRismuchhigher.

RassiasMethod

Thismethodencouragesteacherstouseentertainmentwhileteachingasecondlanguage.Byusingthismethod,studentscanbothrepeatwordsseveraltimesforpracticeandremainenthusiastic.Besides,itcanbooststudents'confidenceaswell.RassiasMethodadvocatesbiggesturesandmakesthestudentssitinacircletodomoreactivitiesinclass.

GrammarMemorizationSpeech

ItisoppositetotheDirectBasedapproach.Usingthismethod,teachersshouldteachstudentsgrammaticalstructures.Someoftheactivitiesaimtomemorizeandapplyallgrammarrulesforstudents.

CommunityLanguageLearning

Thismethodisbasedoncounselingtechniquestosolvepotentialproblemsapersonmaymeetinthelearningofforeignlanguages.Underthismethod,alearnerequalstoaclient,whileateacherisseenasaninstructor.Skillsadaptedtotheirrolesareseenaslanguagecounselors.

Assignment-NameandDescribeFiveLanguageLearningStrategiesforTESOL

Essay:

ReviewtheReading-StrategiestoTESOL,Reading-LanguageLearningStrategies,Guide（typeLearningStrategiesandclickTeach）andTeachingEnglishtoSpeakersofOtherLanguages:

AnIntroductionp.157-162.Write5paragraphsabout4-5sentenceseach.

CognitiveStrategies

Cognitivestrategieshelplearnersmakeandstrengthentherelationshipbetweennewandalready-knowninformation.Thesestrategiescanalsofacilitatethementalrestructuringofinformation.Guidedbycognitivestrategies,learnerscanlearnfromcontext.Theycanalsoanalyze,reasoninductivelyanddeductively,takesystematicnotesandreorganizeinformation.

MnemonicStrategies

Mnemonicstrategieshelplearnerscombineanewitemwithalready-knownknowledge.Thesestrategiesareusefulformemorizinginformationincertainways.Forexample,acronymsisagoodwaytoremember.Besides,someexamplesarerhymingandTPR.

MetacognitiveStrategies

Metacognitivestrategieshelplearnersmanagethemselvesaslearners,theirlearningprocess,andcertainlearningtasks.Somemetacognitivestrategieshelpindividualsknowthemselvesbetteraslanguagelearners,othersrelatetothelearningprocess.Identifyingavailableresources,decidingvaluableresourcesforagiventask,settinganappropriatestudyschedule,andfindingorcreatingagoodplacetostudyareincluded.Otherstrategieshelplearnersdealwithagivenlanguagetaskinsteadoftheoverallprocessoflanguagelearning.

AffectiveStrategies

Affectivestrategiesincludeidentifyingone’sfeelingsanddifferentiatingthelearningcircumstancesortaskstheyareinterestedin.Learnerscanusealanguagelearningdiarytorecordtheirfeelingsduringthelearningprocess.Itcanalsomotivatetheirlearningbehaviors.However,theacceptabilityorfeasibilityofaffectivestrategiesmayvaryfromculturetoculture.

SocialStrategies

Socialstrategiesmeanstudyknowledgewithothers.Thesestrategiescanfacilitatelearningwithothersandhelplearnersunderstandthecorrespondingculturetheyarelearning.Forexample,learnersusingthesestrategieswouldliketoaskforclarificationsorco