交通噪音外文翻译.docx

交通噪音外文翻译.docx

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交通噪音外文翻译

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英文文献原文

Trafficnoisecausesalotofconcerninthepopulation.Itannoys,disturbssleepandcancausecardiovascularproblemsinchronicallynoise-exposedsubjects.Approximately50millionpeopleintheEuropeancommunityareexposedtosoundlevelsfromroadtrafficathome,thataresuspectedofincreasingtheriskofcardiovasculardisorders.Thenoiseeffectshypothesisisbasedonthegeneralstressmodel.Themechanismincludesarousalofthesympatheticandendocrinesystem.Heartrate,bloodpressure,stresshormonesandclassicalbiologicalriskfactorsof

ischaemicheartdisease（IHD）areaffectedbythenoise.Inepidemiologicalstudies,subjectswholiveinnoiseexposedareasshowahigherprevalenceofhighbloodpressureandIHD（includingmyocardialinfarction）.Itisestimatedthatapproximately3percentofIHDcasesinthegeneralpopulationmaybeattributedtotrafficnoise.

1.Introduction

Itiscommonexperiencethatnoiseisunpleasantandaffectsthequalityoflife.Itdisturbsandinterfereswithactivitiesoftheindividualincludingconcentration,communication,relaxationandsleep（WHO,2000aand2000b;Schwela,2000）.Besidesthepsychosocialeffectsofcommunitynoise,thereisconcernabouttheimpactofnoiseonpublichealth,particularlyregardingcardiovascularoutcomes（Suter,1992;Passchier-VermeerandPasschier,2000;Stansfeldetal.,2000a）.Nonauditoryhealtheffectsofnoisehavebeenstudiedinhumansforacoupleofdecadesusinglaboratoryandempiricalmethods.Biologicalreactionmodelshavebeenderivedwhicharebasedonthegeneralstressconcept（HenryandStephens,1977;Isingetal.,1980;Lercher,1996）.Thenoise-hypothesisisnowadayswellestablished,andlarge-scaleepidemiologicalstudieshavebeencarriedoutforalongtime（Babisch,2000）.Studiessuggest,thattransportationnoiseisassociatedwithadversecardiovasculareffects,inparticularischaemicheartdisease.Otherimportanthealthendpointsthathaveintensivelybeeninvestigatedinrelationtochronicnoiseexposurearedisruptedsleep（Ouis,1999;Passchier-Vermeer,2003aand2003b）,mentalhealth（Stansfeldetal.,2000b）,andeffectsontheendocrinesystem（IsingandBraun,2000;Babisch2003）.Thisarticlefocusesontheimpactofambientnoiseontheprevalenceandincidenceofhypertensionandischaemicheartdiseases（includingmyocardialinfarction）asseverehealthendpoints.

1.1.Trafficnoiselevel

TheA-weightedlong-termaveragesoundpressurelevelisusedtodescribethenoiseexposureatthefacadesofthepeople’shomes（LAeq）.Adistinctionisoftenmadebetweentheexposureduringtheday（6-22hr）andthenight（22-6hr）.Toassessanoverallindicatorofthenoiseexposure,aweightedaveragewasusuallycalculated（Ldn）,givinga10dB（A）penaltytothenightperiod.ThenewdirectiveoftheEuropeanUnionontheassessmentandmanagementofenvironmentalnoiseconsidersaweightedlong-termaverage（Lden）ofthesoundpressurelevelsduringday（e.g.7-19hr）,evening（e.g.19-23hr,penalty5dB（A））andnight（e.g.23-7hr,penalty10dB（A））andanun-weightednight-timenoiseindicator（Lnight）（Directive2002/49/EC,2002）.InTable1thedistributionsofresidentialnoiseduetoroadandrailtrafficinGermanyaregiven（Umweltbundesamt,2001）.Basedonmodelcalculations,approximately16percentoftheGermanpopulationlivein‘noisyzones’（WHORegionalOfficeEurope,2000）wheretheroadtrafficnoiseleveloutdoorsexceeds

65dB（A）duringthedayand55dB（A）duringthenight.Forsuchnoiselevels

considerableannoyanceoccurs（WHOEuropeanCentreforEnvironmentand

Health,1995）,andthecardiovascularrisktendstoincrease（Babisch,2002）.OnlyafewEuropeancountrieshaveassessedthenoiseexposurecompletely.InEuropeanUnioncountriesapproximately13percentofthepopulationareexposedtosuchlevelsatthefacadesoftheirhousesduetoroadtraffic（EEA,1999）.ForthewholeofEuropetheestimateisapproximately20percent（Schwela）

1.2.Noiseannoyance

Figure1showstherelationshipsbetweenthenoiselevel（outdoors）andthepercentageof‘highly’annoyedpeopleduetoroad,airandrailtraffic.ThedoseresponsecurvesaretakenfromMiedemaandVos（1998）.Theyarederivedfrommeta-analysesconsideringalargenumberofsocialsurveysthatwerecarriedoutovertherecentdecadesindifferentcountries.Forthesamenoiselevel,aircraftnoiseismoreannoyingthanroadtrafficnoiseandrailwaynoise.However,therearelimitationsregardingtheuniversalapplicabilityofthecurvesindifferent

environmentalandculturalsettings（Ouis,2002;Diazetal.,2001;FinegoldandFinegold,2003）.ThereforeitwassuggestedbyaWHOworkinggrouponnoiseandhealthindicatorsthatcountriesshouldassesstheirindividualdose-responsecurves（WHO,2003）.FromtheresultsofnationwiderepresentativesurveyscarriedoutregularlyinGermany,itisknownthatroadtrafficnoiseisthepredominantsourceofannoyance

forthepopulation.Table2givestheresultsoftheyear2000（OrtscheidandWende,2002）.Eighteenpercentofthepopulationare‘highly’annoyedbyroadtrafficnoise（categories‘extremely’and‘very’onafive-pointscale）.Annoyanceduetonoisefromneighbours（6.5percent）andairtraffic（5.7percent）follownextintheranking.

2.Noiseandstress

Theauditorysystemiscontinuouslyanalysingacousticinformation,whichisfilteredandinterpretedbydifferentcorticalandsub-corticalbrainstructures.Thelimbicsystem,includingthehippocampusandtheamygdala,playsanimportantroleintheemotionalprocessingpathways（Spreng,2000）.Ithasacloseconnectiontothehypothalamusthatcontrolstheautonomicnervoussystemandthehormonalbalanceofthebody.Inlaboratorystudies,changesinbloodflow,bloodpressureandheartratewerefoundaswellasincreasesinthereleaseofstresshormonesincluding

thecatecholaminesadrenalineandnoradrenaline,andthecorticosteroidcortisol（Babisch,2003;BerglundandLindvall,1995;Maschkeetal.,2000）.Suchchangesalsooccurduringsleepwithoutinvolvementofcorticalstructuresduetothecapacityoftheamygdalatolearn（plasticity）,particularlywithrespecttoadversesoundstimuli（Spreng,2000and2004）.Noiseisanunspecificstressorthatarousestheautonomousnervoussystemandtheendocrinesystem.Thegeneralisedpsycho-physiologicalconceptgivenbyHenryandStephenscandirectlybeappliedtonoise-inducedstressreaction（HenryandStephens,1977）.Thestress-mechanismassuchisgeneticallydetermined.Itmaybemodifiedbyexperienceandenvironmentalfactors.Itsbiologicalfunctionisto

preparetheorganismtocopewithademandingstressor.Anyarousalofthesympatheticandendocrinesystemisassociatedwithchangesinphysiologicalfunctionsandthemetabolismoftheorganism,includingbloodpressure,cardiacoutput,bloodlipids（cholesterol,triglycerides,freefattyacids,phosphatides）andcarbohydrates（glucose）,electrolytes（magnesium,calcium）,bloodclottingfactors

（thrombocyteaggregation,bloodviscosity,leukocytecount）andothers（FriedmanandRosenman,1975;Lundberg,1999;Cohenetal.,1995）.Inthelongtermfunctionalchangesanddysregulationduetochangesofphysiologicalsetpointsmayoccur,thusincreasingtheriskofmanifestdiseases.Sincemanyoftheabovefactorsareknowntobeclassicalcardiovascularriskfactors,thehypothesishasemergedthatchronicnoiseexposureincreasestheriskofhypertension,arteriosclerosisand

ischaemicheartdisease（Suter,1992）.Figure2showsthereactionschemausedinepidemiologicalnoiseresearchforhypothesistesting（Babisch,2002）.Itsimplifiesthecause-effectchaini.e.:

sound-annoyance（noise）-physiologicalarousal（stressindicators）-（biological）risk

factors-disease-andmortality（thelatterisnotexplicitlyconsideredinthegraph）.Principally,theeffectsofenvironmentalnoisecannotbeextrapolatedfromresultsofoccupationalnoisestudies.Thetwonoiseenvironmentscannotbemergedintoonesoundenergy-relateddose-responsemodel（e.g.,asimple24houraveragenoiselevelmeasuredwithadose-meter）.Noiseeffectsdonotonlydependonthesoundintensitybutalsoonthefrequencyspectrum,thetimepatternofthesoundandthe

individuals’activities,whichareaffected.Forexample,itmayverywellbethatatruckdriverreactslittletothesoundofhisengine,butisaffectedmoreifdisturbedbytrafficnoiseathomeorduringsleepalthoughtheexposurelevelsaremuchlower.Therefore,epidemiologicalstudiescarriedoutunderreal-lifeconditionsareneededtoassesstheimpactofaspecificnoisesourceonthehealthoutcomesandprovidethebasisforaquantitativeriskassessment.Othernoisesourcesmightactasconfoundersand/oreffectmodifiersontheassociationofinterest.Itwasshownthattheeffectsofroadtrafficnoise（athome）werestrongerinsubjectsthatwerealsoexposedtohighnoiselevelsatwork（Babischetal.,1990）.

3.Epidemiologicaltrafficnoisestudies

Anumberofepidemiologicalstudieshavebeencarriedoutinchildrenandadultsregardingchangesofmeanbloodpressure,hypertensionandischaemicheartdiseaseduetolong-termexposuretoroadoraircraftnoise.Mostofthemarecross-sectional.Thefewobservationalanalyticinvestigations（case-controlandcohortstudies）refertoroadtrafficnoise.Forreviewssee:

Babisch（2000）;Passchier-VermeerandPasschier（2000）;vanKempenetal.（2002）.Withregardtohypertension,therelativerisksfoundinfoursignificantlypositivestudies,rangedbetween1.5and3.3forsubjectswholivedinareaswithadaytime

averagesoundpressurelevelintherangeof60-70dB（A）ormore.However,alsosignificantlynegativeassociationsweref