php英文文献翻译及参考文献.docx
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php英文文献翻译及参考文献.docx
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php英文文献翻译及参考文献
php英文文献翻译及参考文献-英语论文
php英文文献翻译及参考文献
PHPisascriptinglanguageoriginallydesignedforproducingdynamicwebpages.Ithasevolvedtoincludeacommandlineinterfacecapabilityandcanbeusedinstandalonegraphicalapplications.
WhilePHPwasoriginallycreatedbyRasmusLerdorfin1995,themainimplementationofPHPisnowproducedbyThePHPGroupandservesasthedefactostandardforPHPasthereisnoformalspecification.PHPisfreesoftwarereleasedunderthePHPLicense,howeveritisincompatiblewiththeGNUGeneralPublicLicense(GPL),duetorestrictionsontheusageofthetermPHP.
PHPisawidely-usedgeneral-purposescriptinglanguagethatisespeciallysuitedforwebdevelopmentandcanbeembeddedintoHTML.Itgenerallyrunsonawebserver,takingPHPcodeasitsinputandcreatingwebpagesasoutput.Itcanbemillionwebsitesand1millionwebservers.
PHPoriginallystoodforPersonalHomePage.Itbeganin1994asasetofCommonGatewayInterfacebinarieswrittenintheCprogramminglanguagebytheDanish/GreenlandicprogrammerRasmusLerdorf.LerdorfinitiallycreatedthesePersonalHomePageToolstoreplaceasmallsetofPerlscriptshehadbeenusingtomaintainhispersonalhomepage.Thetoolswereusedtoperformtaskssuchasdisplayinghisrésuméandrecordinghowmuchtraffichispagewasreceiving.HecombinedthesebinarieswithhisFormInterpretertocreatePHP/FI,whichhadmorefunctionality.PHP/FIincludedalargerimplementationfortheCprogramminglanguageandcouldcommunicatewithdatabases,enablingthebuildingofsimple,dynamicwebapplications.LerdorfreleasedPHPpubliclyonJune8,1995toacceleratebuglocationandimprovethecode.ThisreleasewasnamedPHPversion2andalreadyhadthebasicfunctionalitythatPHPhastoday.ThisincludedPerl-likevariables,formhandling,andtheabilitytoembedHTML.ThesyntaxwassimilartoPerlbutwasmorelimited,simpler,andlessconsistent.
ZeevSuraskiandAndiGutmans,twoIsraelidevelopersattheTechnionIIT,rewrotetheparserin1997andformedthebaseofPHP3,changingthelanguage'snametotherecursiveinitialismPHP:
HypertextPreprocessor.ThedevelopmentteamofficiallyreleasedPHP/FI2inNovember1997aftermonthsofbetatesting.Afterwards,publictestingofPHP3began,andtheofficiallaunchcameinJune1998.SuraskiandGutmansthenstartedanewrewriteofPHP'score,producingtheZendEnginein1999.TheyalsofoundedZendTechnologiesinRamatGan,Israel.
OnMay22,2000,PHP4,poweredbytheZendEngine1.0,wasreleased.OnJuly13,2004,PHP5wasreleased,poweredbythenewZendEngineII.PHP5includednewfeaturessuchasimprovedsupportforobject-orientedprogramming,thePHPDataObjectsextension(whichdefinesalightweightandconsistentinterfaceforaccessingdatabases),andnumerousperformanceenhancements.ThemostrecentupdatereleasedbyThePHPGroupisfortheolderPHPversion4codebranch.AsofAugust,2008thisbranchisuptoversion4.4.9.PHP4isnolongerunderdevelopmentnorwillanysecurityupdatesbereleased.
In2008,PHP5becametheonlystableversionunderdevelopment.LatestaticbindinghasbeenmissingfromPHPandwillbeaddedinversion5.3.PHP6isunderdevelopmentalongsidePHP5.Majorchangesincludetheremovalofregister_globals,magicquotes,andsafemode.Thereasonfortheremovalswasbecauseregister_globalshadgivenwaytosecurityholes,andmagicquoteshadanunpredictablenature,andwasbestavoided.Instead,toescapecharacters,magicquotesmaybesubstitutedwiththeaddslashes()function,ormoreappropriatelyanescapemechanismspecifictothedatabasevendoritselflikemysql_real_escape_string()forMySQL.
PHPdoesnothavecompletenativesupportforUnicodeormultibytestrings;UnicodesupportwillbeincludedinPHP6.ManyhighprofileopensourceprojectsceasedtosupportPHP4innewcodeasofFebruary5,2008,duetotheGoPHP5initiative,providedbyaconsortiumofPHPdeveloperspromotingthetransitionfromPHP4toPHP1397
php英文文献翻译及参考文献
Itrunsinboth32-bitand64-bitenvironments,butonWindowstheonlyofficialdistributionis32-bit,requiringWindows32-bitcompatibilitymodetobeenabledwhileusingIISina64-bitWindowsenvironment.Thereisathird-partydistributionavailablefor64-bitWindows.
PHPisageneral-purposescriptinglanguagethatisespeciallysuitedforwebdevelopment.PHPgenerallyrunsonawebserver,takingPHPcodeasitsinputandcreatingwebpagesasoutput.Itcanalsobeusedforcommand-linescriptingandclient-sideGUIapplications.PHPcanbedeployedonmostwebservers,manyoperatingsystemsandplatforms,andcanbeusedwithmanyrelationaldatabasemanagementsystems.Itisavailablefreeofcharge,andthePHPGroupprovidesthecompletesourcecodeforuserstobuild,customizeandextendfortheirownuse.
PHPprimarilyactsasafilter,takinginputfromafileorstreamcontainingtextand/orPHPinstructionsandoutputsanotherstreamofdata;mostcommonlytheoutputwillbeHTML.Itcanautomaticallydetectthelanguageoftheuser.FromPHP4,thePHPparsercompilesinputtoproducebytecodeforprocessingbytheZendEngine,givingimprovedperformanceoveritsinterpreterpredecessor.
Originallydesignedtocreatedynamicwebpages,PHP'sprincipalfocusisserver-sidescripting,anditissimilartootherserver-sidescriptinglanguagesthatprovidedynamiccontentfromawebservertoaclient,suchasMicrosoft'sActiveServerPages,SunMicrosystems'JavaServerPages,andmod_perl.PHPhasalsoattractedthedevelopmentofmanyframeworksthatprovidebuildingblocksandadesignstructuretopromoterapidapplicationdevelopment(RAD).SomeoftheseincludeCakePHP,Symfony,CodeIgniter,andZendFramework,offeringfeaturessimilartootherwebapplicationframeworks.
TheLAMParchitecturehasbecomepopularinthewebindustryasawayofdeployingwebapplications.PHPiscommonlyusedasthePinthisbundlealongsideLinux,ApacheandMySQL,althoughthePmayalsorefertoPythonorPerl.
AsofApril2007,over20millionInternetdomainswerehostedonserverswithPHPinstalled,andPHPwasrecordedasthemostpopularApachemodule.SignificantwebsitesarewritteninPHPincludingtheuser-facingportionofFacebook,Wikipedia(,PHPcanbeusedtocreatestand-alone,compiledapplicationsandlibraries,itcanbeusedforshellscripting,andthePHPbinariescanbecalledfromthecommandline.
Aswithmanyscriptinglanguages,PHPscriptsarenormallykeptashuman-readablesourcecode,evenonproductionwebservers.Inthiscase,PHPscriptswillbecompiledatruntimebythePHPengine,whichincreasestheirexecutiontime.PHPscriptsareabletobecompiledbeforeruntimeusingPHPcompilersaswithotherprogramminglanguagessuchasC(thelanguagePHPanditsextensionsarewrittenin).
Codeoptimizersaimtoreducethecomputationalcomplexityofthecompiledcodebyreducingitssizeandmakingotherchangesthatcanreducetheexecutiontimewiththeoverallgoalofimprovingperformance.ThenatureofthePHPcompilerissuchthatthereareoftenopportunitiesforcodeoptimization,andanexampleofacodeoptimizeristheZendOptimizerPHPextension.
AnotherapproachforreducingoverheadforhighloadPHPserversisusingPHPaccelerators.ThesecanoffersignificantperformancegainsbycachingthecompiledformofaPHPscriptinsharedmemorytoavoidtheoverheadofparsingandcompilingthecodeeverytimethescriptruns.
TheNationalVulnerabilityDatabasestoresallvulnerabilitiesfoundincomputersoftware.TheoverallproportionofPHP-relatedvulnerabilitiesonthedatabaseamountedto:
12%in2003,20%in2004,28%in2005,43%in2006,36%in2007,and35%in2008.MostofthesePHP-relatedvulnerabilitiescanbeexploitedremotely:
theyallowhackerstostealordestroydatafromdatasourceslinkedto
php英文文献翻译及参考文献
thewebserver(suchasanSQLdatabase),sendspamorcontributetoDOSattacksusingmalware,whichitselfcanbeinstalledonthevulnerableservers.
Thesevulnerabilitiesarecausedmostlybynotfollowingbestpracticeprogrammingrules:
technicalsecurityflawsofthelanguageitselforofitscorelibrariesarenotfrequent.Recognizingthatprogrammerscannotbetrusted,somelanguagesincludetaintcheckingtodetectautomaticallythelackofinputvalidationwhichinducesmanyissues.SuchafeatureisbeingdevelopedforPHP.AlthoughitmaybeincludedinmainstreamPHPinafuturerelease,itsinclusionhasbeenrejectedseveraltimesinthepast.
HostingPHPapplicationsonaserverrequiresacarefulandconstantattentiontodealwiththesesecurityrisks.ThereareadvancedprotectionpatchessuchasSuhosinandHardening-Patch,especiallydesignedforwebhostingenvironments.InstallingPHPasaCGIbinaryratherthanasanApachemoduleisthepreferredmethodforaddedsecurity.
Withrespecttosecuringthecodeitself,PHPcodecanbeobfuscatedtomakeitdifficulttoreadwhileremainingfunctional.
Syntax-highlightedPHPcodeembeddedwithinHTMLPHPonlyparsescodewithinitsdelimiters.AnythingoutsideitsdelimitersissentdirectlytotheoutputandisnotparsedbyPHP.Themostcommondelimitersare
phpand?
>,whichareopenandclosedelimitersrespectively.
or
=(whichisusedtoechobackastringorvariable)andthetagtoendPHPcode,?
>.Thesetagsarecommonlyused,butlikeASP-styletags(<%or<%=and%>),theyarelessportableastheycanbedisabledinthePHPconfiguration.Forthisreason,theuseofshorttagsandASP-styletagsisdiscou
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