英语过去式及不规则动词总结.docx
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英语过去式及不规则动词总结.docx
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英语过去式及不规则动词总结
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简介:
英语动词按其过去式和过去分词的构成方式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。
规则动词的过去式和过去分词由词尾加-ed构成,而不规则动词的变化因词而异。
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定义:
英语单词中由动词原形转变为过去式和过去分词时不按词尾加“-ed”之变化规则者叫做不规则动词(IrregularVerbs)。
现代英语新生成的动词都归入“-ed”的规则变化,例如:
park→parked(停车--1864)
fax→faxed(以传真传送--1979)
e-mail→e-mailed(以电脑网络传送--1982)
(所附年次为最早用例出现年次--O.E.D.)
因此,不规则动词可以说都是古英语动词的不规则变化因其常用度很高而一直沿用到今天者,所以我们今天在学习英语时绝对无法,也不可能规避这些不规则动词。
从英语的演变来看,不规则动词就是强势动词(StrongVerbs)--即其词形变化全依其本身之语音(尤其是元音)变化来进行而不借助词尾的变化。
例如:
原形:
buysingspeak
过去式:
boughtsangspoke
过去分词:
boughtsungspoken
我们学习不规则动词的时候,最有效的方法就是要针对这种词形变化的现象,了解其变化的型式,发出声音背念,使其能自然地隔入我们的speaking和writing,这样才能说确实地把不规则动词学会了。
注:
与强势动词相对,须借助“-ed”之词尾来进行词形变化的规则动词就叫做弱势动词(WeakVerbs)。
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不规则动词表
1)A---A---A型(现在式、过去式和过去分词同形,保持不变,除进行式外)
词例:
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
意思
cost
cost
cost
花费
cut
cut
cut
割,切
hit
hit
hit
打
put
put
put
放下
read#
read
read
读
hurt
hurt
hurt
受伤
let
let
let
让
#“Read”的“过去式”和“过去分词”的读音和动词原型的不同。
2)A---A---B型(现在式和过去式同形)
词例:
动词原型
过去式
过去分词
意思
beat
beat
beaten
打
3)A---B---A型(现在式和过去分词同形)
词例:
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
意思
come
came
come
来到
become
became
become
变
run
ran
run
跑
overcome
overcame
overcome
征服,打败
4)A---B---B型(过去式与过去分词同形)
分为以下情形:
①在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d或t。
词例:
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
意思
burn
burnt
burnt
燃烧
learn
learned/learnt
learned/learnt
学习
mean
meant
meant
含义是
hear
heard
heard
听见
②把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t”。
词例:
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
意思
build
built
built
建筑
lend
lent
lent
借
send
sent
sent
传送
spend
spent
spent
花费
③其他不规则的各种变化。
词例:
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
意思
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
意思
pay
paid
paid
付钱
lay
laid
laid
下蛋
say
said
said
说
bring
brought
brought
带来
buy
bought
bought
买
fight
fought
fought
战斗
think
thought
thought
思考
sleep
slept
slept
睡觉
feel
felt
felt
觉得
keep
kept
kept
保持
sweep
swept
swept
扫
stand
stood
stood
站
understand
understood
understood
理解
win
won
won
胜利
catch
caught
caught
抓住
teach
taught
taught
教
find
found
found
发现
get
got
got
得到
hold
held
held
握
leave
left
left
离开
make
made
made
制造
meet
met
met
遇见
shoot
shot
shot
射击
dig
dug
dug
挖
smell
smelt/smelled
smelt/smelled
嗅,闻
shine
shone/shined
shone/shined
发光
sit
sat
sat
坐下
have
had
had
有
5)A---B---C型(三词不同形)
分为以下情形:
①在动词原形后加-n或-en构成过去分词。
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
意思
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
意思
eat
ate
eaten
吃
fall
fell
fallen
落下
give
gave
given
给
take
took
taken
拿,记录,拍摄
see
saw
seen
看见
write
wrote
written
写
ride
rode
ridden
骑
drive
drove
driven
驾驶
throw
threw
thrown
抛,扔
blow
blew
blown
吹
grow
grew
grown
生长
know
knew
known
知道
show
showed
shown
展示
draw
drew
drawn
拉,绘画,抽签
②过去式加-n或-en构成过去分词。
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
意思
speak
spoke
spoken
说话
break
broke
broken
破碎
choose
chose
chosen
选择
forget
forgot
forgotten
忘记
freeze
froze
frozen
凝固
③把单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”变成“a”(过去式)和“u”(过去分词)。
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
意思
begin
began
begun
开始
ring
rang
rung
按铃
sing
sang
sung
唱
sink
sank
sunk
沉
swim
swam
swum
游泳
drink
drank
drunk
喝
④其他不规则动词的变化。
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
意思
be(am,is)
was
been
是
be(are)
were
been
是
do
did
done
做
go
went
gone
去
lie
lay
lain
躺
wear
wore
worn
穿
英语不规则动词的记忆方法:
原形、过去式、过去分词相同;原形、过去式相同,过去分词不同;
(1)原形、过去式、过去分词相同:
cast/cost/cut/hit/hurt/let/put/broadcast/
burst/read/red/set/shut/spread/thrust/upset
(2)原形、过去式相同,过去分词不同:
beat/beat/beaten
(3)原形、过去分词相同,过去式不同:
come/came/comebecome/became/become
run/ran/runovercome/overcame/overcome
(4)原形不同,过去式,过去分词相同:
feel/felt/feltsleep/slept/slept
leave/left/leftsmell/smelt/smelt
keep/kept/keptcreep/crept/crept
kneel/knelt/kneltsweep/swept/swept
spell/spelt/speltweep/wept/wept
catch/caught/caughtfight/fought/fought
teach/taught/taughtthink/thought/thought
stand/stood/stoodlay/laid/laid
understand/understood/understoodpay/paid/paid
bleed/bled/bledsay/said/said
feed/fed/fedstick/stuck/stuck
lead/led/ledstrike/struck/struck
meet/met/mettell/told/told
learn/learnt/learntsell/sold/sold
learned/learnedwin/won/won
burn/burnt/burntwind/wound/wound
burned/burnedhave(has)/had/had
deal/dealt/dealthear/heard/heard
mean/meant/meantlean/leant/leant
dream/dreamt/dreamtleaned/leaned
bend/bent/bentshine/shone/shone
build/built/builtshoot/shot/shot
lend/lent/lentshow/showed/shown
spend/spent/spent/showed
flee/fled/fledsit/sat/sat
speed/sped/spedlose/lost/lost
/speeded/speededdig/dug/dug
spit/spit/spithold/held/held
/spat/spatget/got/got(AmEgotten)
bring/brought/broughtfind/found/found
buy/bought/boughtmake/made/made
light/lit/lit
/lighted/lighted
(5)三者均不同:
drive/drove/drivenblow/blew/blown
rise/rose/risenfly/flew/flown
wakewoke/wokengrow/grew/grown
do/did/doneknow/knew/known
go/went/gonethrow/threw/thrown
see/saw/seenprove/proved/proven
eat/ate/eatenbreak/broke/broken
fall/fell/fallenchoose/chose/chosen
give,gavegivenfreeze/froze/frozen
shake/shook/shakenspeak/spoke/spoken
take/took/takensteal/stole/stolen
mistake/mistook/mistakenweave/wove/woven
forbid/forbad/forbiddenforget/forgot/forgotten
begin/began/begunhide/hid/hidden
drink/drank/drunkride/rode/ridden
ring/rang/rungswim/swam/swum
sing/sang/sungwrite/wrote/written
sink/sank/sunkwear/wore/worn
(6)相同动词因其过去式、过去分词有两形式而产生不同词义:
speed过去式、过去分词有两种:
sped/sped快行speeded/speeded加速
light过去式,过去分词有两种:
lit/lit点着(表语)lighted/lighted供电,点燃的(定语)
shine过去式、过去分词有两种:
shone/shone/照耀shined/shined擦亮
hang过去式、过去分词有两种:
hung/hung悬挂hanged/hanged绞死
(7)drunken,stricken,sunken已转为形容词常作定语
a~sot酒鬼ina~manner摇摇晃晃地
(8)lie躺卧lay/lain/lying(现在分词)
lie撒谎lied/lied/lying
lay放,下蛋laid/laid/laying
(9)come,become,overcome属不规则变化,但welcome属规则动词,其过去式、过去分词为:
welcomed,welcomed
(10)fly,blow不是规则变化,但flow(流)是规则变化,过去式、过去分词为flowed,flowed.
(11)find发现foundfound
found创建foundedfounded
wind绕woundwound
wound伤害woundedwounded
see看见sawseen
saw锯sawedsawed
bear作“出生”,过去分词有两种:
born,borne,
borne用于have之后及带有by的被动句中;
born用于bebornin/on/at中。
作“出生”,以外意义,其形式为bear/bore/borne忍受
动词过去式和过去分词的变化规则
动词过去式和过去分词有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1)规则变化
情况例词读音与说明
动词原形过去式过去分词
一般在动词原形后加-edlook
call
open
needlooked
called
opened
neededlooked[lukt]
called[kC:
ld]
opened[5EupEnd]
needed[ni:
did]①-ed在清辅音音素后
发音为〔t〕,在浊辅音后发音为〔d〕,在元音后发音也为[d]
②-ed在〔t]、〔d〕
后发音为[id]
③但fix的过去式和过去
分词x不双写,为fixed.
以-e结尾的动词加-dmove
phone
hope
agreemoved
phoned
hoped
agreedmoved[mu:
vd]
phoned[fEund]
hoped[hEupt]
agreed[E5^ri:
d]
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i,
再加-edstudy
carry
trystudied
studied
carriedstudied[5stQdid]
carried[5kArid]
tried[traid]
以原音字母加y结尾的词,直接加-edplay
enjoy
stayplayed
enjoyed
stayedplayed[pleid]
enjoyed[in5dVCid]
stayed[steid]
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写该辅音字母,再加-edstop
plan
fitstopped
planned
fittedstopped[stCpt]
planned[plAnd]
fitted[5fitid]
以-r音节结尾的词,双写r字母,
再加-edprefer
referpreferred
referredpreferred[prI`f:
d]
referred[ri5fE:
]
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读法:
规则动词词尾加-ed有三种读音:
1.在清辅音后读作[t]。
如:
asked,helped,watched,stopped
2.在浊辅音和元音后读作[d]。
如:
enjoyed,studied,moved,called
3.在t/d后读作[id]。
如:
wanted,needed
不规则动词的过去式大体上归纳有以下六条记忆法:
1.以t结尾的词,过去式与原形相同。
如:
put—put,let—let,cut—cut,beat—beat
2.以d结尾的词,把d变成t。
如:
build—built,lend—lent,send—sent,spend—spent
3.以n结尾的词,在词后加t。
如:
mean—meant,burn—burnt,learn—learnt
4.以ow/aw结尾的词,把ow/aw变成ew。
如:
blow—blew,draw—drew,know—knew,grow—grew
5.含有双写字母的词,将双写改为单写,在词尾加t。
如:
keep—kept,sleep—slept,feel—felt,smell—smelt
6.含有元音字母o/i的词,将o/i变成a。
如:
sing—sang,give—gave,sit—sat,drink—drank
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