Maslow马斯诺.docx
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Maslow马斯诺.docx
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Maslow马斯诺
ABRAHAMMASLOW
1908-1970
Dr.C.GeorgeBoeree
Biography
AbrahamHaroldMaslowwasbornApril1,1908inBrooklyn,NewYork. Hewasthefirstofsevenchildrenborntohisparents,whothemselveswereuneducatedJewishimmigrantsfromRussia. Hisparents,hopingforthebestfortheirchildreninthenewworld,pushedhimhardforacademicsuccess. Notsurprisingly,hebecameverylonelyasaboy,andfoundhisrefugeinbooks.
Tosatisfyhisparents,hefirststudiedlawattheCityCollegeofNewYork(CCNY). Afterthreesemesters,hetransferredtoCornell,andthenbacktoCCNY. HemarriedBerthaGoodman,hisfirstcousin,againsthisparentswishes. AbeandBerthawentontohavetwodaughters.
HeandBerthamovedtoWisconsinsothathecouldattendtheUniversityofWisconsin. Here,hebecameinterestedinpsychology,andhisschoolworkbegantoimprovedramatically.Hespenttime
thereworkingwithHarryHarlow,whoisfamousforhisexperimentswithbabyrhesusmonkeysandattachmentbehavior.
HereceivedhisBAin1930,hisMAin1931,andhisPhDin1934,allinpsychology,allfromtheUniversityofWisconsin. Ayearaftergraduation,hereturnedtoNewYorktoworkwithE.L.ThorndikeatColumbia,whereMaslowbecameinterestedinresearchonhumansexuality.
HebeganteachingfulltimeatBrooklynCollege. Duringthisperiodofhislife,hecameintocontactwiththemanyEuropeanintellectualsthatwereimmigratingtotheUS,andBrooklyninparticular,atthattime--peoplelikeAdler,Fromm,Horney,aswellasseveralGestaltandFreudianpsychologists.
MaslowservedasthechairofthepsychologydepartmentatBrandeisfrom1951to1969. WhiletherehemetKurtGoldstein,whohadoriginatedtheideaofself-actualizationinhisfamousbook, TheOrganism (1934). Itwasalsoherethathebeganhiscrusadeforahumanisticpsychology--somethingultimatelymuchmoreimportanttohimthanhisowntheorizing.
Hespendhisfinalyearsinsemi-retirementinCalifornia,until,onJune81970,hediedofaheartattackafteryearsofillhealth.
Theory
OneofthemanyinterestingthingsMaslownoticedwhileheworkedwithmonkeysearlyinhiscareer,wasthatsomeneedstakeprecedenceoverothers. Forexample,ifyouarehungryandthirsty,youwilltendtotrytotakecareofthethirstfirst. Afterall,youcandowithoutfoodforweeks,butyoucanonlydowithoutwaterforacoupleofdays!
Thirstisa“stronger”needthanhunger. Likewise,ifyouareveryverythirsty,butsomeonehasputachokeholdonyouandyoucan’tbreath,whichismoreimportant?
Theneedtobreathe,ofcourse. Ontheotherhand,sexislesspowerfulthananyofthese. Let’sfaceit,youwon’tdieifyoudon’tgetit!
Maslowtookthisideaandcreatedhisnowfamous hierarchyofneeds.Beyondthedetailsofair,water,food,andsex,helaidoutfivebroaderlayers:
thephysiologicalneeds,theneedsforsafetyandsecurity,theneedsforloveandbelonging,theneedsforesteem,andtheneedtoactualizetheself,inthatorder.
1. Thephysiologicalneeds. Theseincludetheneedswehaveforoxygen,water,protein,salt,sugar,calcium,andothermineralsandvitamins. TheyalsoincludetheneedtomaintainapHbalance(gettingtooacidicorbasewillkillyou)andtemperature(98.6orneartoit). Also,there’stheneedstobeactive,torest,tosleep,togetridofwastes(CO2, sweat,urine,andfeces),toavoidpain,andtohavesex. Quiteacollection!
Maslowbelieved,andresearchsupportshim,thattheseareinfactindividualneeds,andthatalackof,say,vitaminC,willleadtoaveryspecifichungerforthingswhichhaveinthepastprovidedthatvitaminC--e.g.orangejuice. Iguessthecravingsthatsomepregnantwomenhave,andthewayinwhichbabieseatthemostfoultastingbabyfood,supporttheideaanecdotally.
2. Thesafetyandsecurityneeds. Whenthephysiologicalneedsarelargelytakencareof,thissecondlayerofneedscomesintoplay. Youwillbecomeincreasinglyinterestedinfindingsafecircumstances,stability,protection. Youmightdevelopaneedforstructure,fororder,somelimits.
Lookingatitnegatively,youbecomeconcerned,notwithneedslikehungerandthirst,butwithyourfearsandanxieties. IntheordinaryAmericanadult,thissetofneedsmanifestthemselvesintheformofoururgestohaveahomeinasafeneighborhood,alittlejobsecurityandanestegg,agoodretirementplanandabitofinsurance,andsoon.
3. Theloveandbelongingneeds. Whenphysiologicalneedsandsafetyneedsare,byandlarge,takencareof,athirdlayerstartstoshowup. Youbegintofeeltheneedforfriends,asweetheart,children,affectionaterelationshipsingeneral,evenasenseofcommunity. Lookedatnegatively,youbecomeincreasingsusceptibletolonelinessandsocialanxieties.
Inourday-to-daylife,weexhibittheseneedsinourdesirestomarry,haveafamily,beapartofacommunity,amemberofachurch,abrotherinthefraternity,apartofagangorabowlingclub. Itisalsoapartofwhatwelookforinacareer.
4. Theesteemneeds. Next,webegintolookforalittleself-esteem. Maslownotedtwoversionsofesteemneeds,aloweroneandahigherone. Theloweroneistheneedfortherespectofothers,theneedforstatus,fame,glory,recognition,attention,reputation,appreciation,dignity,evendominance. Thehigherforminvolvestheneedforself-respect,includingsuchfeelingsasconfidence,competence,achievement,mastery,independence,andfreedom. Notethatthisisthe“higher”formbecause,unliketherespectofothers,onceyouhaveself-respect,it’salothardertolose!
Thenegativeversionoftheseneedsislowself-esteemandinferioritycomplexes. MaslowfeltthatAdlerwasreallyontosomethingwhenheproposedthatthesewereattherootsofmany,ifnotmost,ofourpsychologicalproblems. Inmoderncountries,mostofushavewhatweneedinregardtoourphysiologicalandsafetyneeds. We,moreoftenthannot,havequiteabitofloveandbelonging,too. It’salittlerespectthatoftenseemssoveryhardtoget!
Alloftheprecedingfourlevelshecalls deficitneeds,or D-needs. Ifyoudon’thaveenoughofsomething--i.e.youhaveadeficit--youfeeltheneed. Butifyougetallyouneed,youfeelnothingatall!
Inotherwords,theyceasetobemotivating. Astheoldbluessonggoes,“youdon’tmissyourwatertillyourwellrunsdry!
”
Healsotalksabouttheselevelsintermsof homeostasis. Homeostasisistheprinciplebywhichyourfurnacethermostatoperates:
Whenitgetstoocold,itswitchestheheaton; Whenitgetstoohot,itswitchestheheatoff. Inthesameway,yourbody,whenitlacksacertainsubstance,developsahungerforit; Whenitgetsenoughofit,thenthehungerstops. Maslowsimplyextendsthehomeostaticprincipletoneeds,suchassafety,belonging,andesteem,thatwedon’tordinarilythinkofintheseterms.
Maslowseesalltheseneedsasessentiallysurvivalneeds. Evenloveandesteemareneededforthemaintenanceofhealth. Hesaysweallhavetheseneedsbuiltintousgenetically,likeinstincts. Infact,hecallsthem instinctoid --instinct-like--needs.
Intermsofoveralldevelopment,wemovethroughtheselevelsabitlikestages. Asnewborns,ourfocus(ifnotourentiresetofneeds)isonthephysiological. Soon,webegintorecognizethatweneedtobesafe. Soonafterthat,wecraveattentionandaffection. Abitlater,welookforself-esteem. Mindyou,thisisinthefirstcoupleofyears!
Understressfulconditions,orwhensurvivalisthreatened,wecan“regress”toalowerneedlevel. Whenyougreatcareerfallsflat,youmightseekoutalittleattention. Whenyourfamilyupsandleavesyou,itseemsthatloveisagainallyoueverwanted. Whenyoufacechapterelevenafteralongandhappylife,yousuddenlycan’tthinkofanythingexceptmoney.
Thesethingscanoccuronasociety-widebasisaswell:
Whensocietysuddenlyflounders,peoplestartclamoringforastrongleadertotakeoverandmakethingsright. Whenthebombsstartfalling,theylookforsafety. Whenthefoodstopscomingintothestores,theirneedsbecomeevenmorebasic.
Maslowsuggestedthatwecanaskpeoplefortheir“philosophyofthefuture”--whatwouldtheirideallifeorworldbelike--andgetsignificantinformationastowhatneedstheydoordonothavecovered.
Ifyouhavesignificantproblemsalongyourdevelopment--aperiodofextremeinsecurityorhungerasachild,orthelossofafamilymemberthroughdeathordivorce,orsignificantneglectorabuse--youmay“fixate”onthatsetofneedsfortherestofyourlife.
ThisisMaslow’sunderstandingofneurosis. Perhapsyouwentthroughawarasakid.Nowyouhaveeverythingyourheartneeds--yetyoustillfindyourselfobsessingoverhavingenoughmoneyandkeepingthepantrywell-stocked. Orperhapsyourparentsdivorcedwhenyouwereyoung. Nowyouhaveawonderfulspouse--yetyougetinsanelyjealousorworryconstantlythattheyaregoingtoleaveyoubecauseyouarenot“goodenough”forthem. Yougetthepicture.
Self-actualization
Thelastlevelisabitdifferent. Maslowhasusedavarietyoftermstorefertothislevel:
Hehascalledit growthmotivation (incontrasttodeficitmotivation), beingneeds (or B-needs,incontrasttoD-needs),and self-actualization.
Theseareneedsthatdonotinvolvebalanceorhomeostasis. Onceengaged,theycontinuetobefelt. Infact,theyarelikelytobecomestrongeraswe“feed”them!
Theyinvolvethecontinuousdesiretofulfillpotentials,to“beallthatyoucanbe.” Theyareamatterofbecomingthemostcomplete,thefullest,“you”--hencethe
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