自然科学中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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自然科学中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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自然科学中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
外文文献
17
Inthefirstbookweconsideredtheideamerelyassuch,thatis,onlyaccordingtoitsgeneralform.Itistruethatasfarastheabstractidea,theconcept,isconcerned,weobtainedaknowledgeofitinrespectofitscontentalso,becauseithascontentandmeaningonlyinrelationtotheideaofperception,withoutwhichitwouldbeworthlessandempty.Accordingly,directingourattentionexclusivelytotheideaofperception,weshallnowendeavourtoarriveataknowledgeofitscontent,itsmoreexactdefinition,andtheformswhichitpresentstous.Anditwillspeciallyinterestustofindanexplanationofitspeculiarsignificance,thatsignificancewhichisotherwisemerelyfelt,butonaccountofwhichitisthatthesepicturesdonotpassbyusentirelystrangeandmeaningless,astheymustotherwisedo,butspeaktousdirectly,areunderstood,andobtainaninterestwhichconcernsourwholenature.
Wedirectourattentiontomathematics,naturalscience,andphilosophy,foreachoftheseholdsoutthehopethatitwillaffordusapartoftheexplanationwedesire.Now,takingphilosophyfirst,wefindthatitislikeamonsterwithmanyheads,eachofwhichspeaksadifferentlanguage.Theyarenot,indeed,allatvarianceonthepointwearehereconsidering,thesignificanceoftheideaofperception.For,withtheexceptionoftheScepticsandtheIdealists,theothers,forthemostpart,speakverymuchinthesamewayofanobjectwhichconstitutesthebasisoftheidea,andwhichisindeeddifferentinitswholebeingandnaturefromtheidea,butyetisinallpointsaslikeitasoneeggistoanother.Butthisdoesnothelpus,forwearequiteunabletodistinguishsuchanobjectfromtheidea;wefindthattheyareoneandthesame;foreveryobjectalwaysandforeverpresupposesasubject,andthereforeremainsidea,sothatwerecognisedobjectivityasbelongingtothemostuniversalformoftheidea,whichisthedivisionintosubjectandobject.Further,theprincipleofsufficientreason,whichisreferredtoinsupportofthisdoctrine,isforusmerelytheformoftheidea,theorderlycombinationofoneideawithanother,butnotthecombinationofthewholefiniteorinfiniteseriesofideaswithsomethingwhichisnotideaatall,andwhichcannotthereforebepresentedinperception.OftheScepticsandIdealistswespokeabove,inexaminingthecontroversyabouttherealityoftheouterworld.
Ifweturntomathematicstolookforthefullerknowledgewedesireoftheideaofperception,whichwehave,asyet,onlyunderstoodgenerally,merelyinitsform,wefindthatmathematicsonlytreatsoftheseideassofarastheyfilltimeandspace,thatis,sofarastheyarequantities.Itwilltelluswiththegreatestaccuracythehow-manyandthehow-much;butasthisisalwaysmerelyrelative,thatistosay,merelyacomparisonofoneideawithothers,andacomparisononlyintheonerespectofquantity,thisalsoisnottheinformationweareprincipallyinsearchof.
Lastly,ifweturntothewideprovinceofnaturalscience,whichisdividedintomanyfields,wemay,inthefirstplace,makeageneraldivisionofitintotwoparts.Itiseitherthedescriptionofforms,whichIcallMorphology,ortheexplanationofchanges,whichIcallEtiology.Thefirsttreatsofthepermanentforms,thesecondofthechangingmatter,accordingtothelawsofitstransitionfromoneformtoanother.Thefirstisthewholeextentofwhatisgenerallycallednaturalhistory.Itteachesus,especiallyinthesciencesofbotanyandzoology,thevariouspermanent,organised,andthereforedefinitelydeterminedformsintheconstantchangeofindividuals;andtheseformsconstituteagreatpartofthecontentoftheideaofperception.Innaturalhistorytheyareclassified,separated,united,arrangedaccordingtonaturalandartificialsystems,andbroughtunderconceptswhichmakeageneralviewandknowledgeofthewholeofthempossible.Further,aninfinitelyfineanalogybothinthewholeandinthepartsoftheseforms,andrunningthroughthemall(unitédeplan),isestablished,andthustheymaybecomparedtoinnumerablevariationsonathemewhichisnotgiven.Thepassageofmatterintotheseforms,thatistosay,theoriginofindividuals,isnotaspecialpartofnaturalscience,foreveryindividualspringsfromitslikebygeneration,whichiseverywhereequallymysterious,andhasasyetevadeddefiniteknowledge.Thelittlethatisknownonthesubjectfindsitsplaceinphysiology,whichbelongstothatpartofnaturalscienceIhavecalledetiology.Mineralogyalso,especiallywhereitbecomesgeology,inclinestowardsetiology,thoughitprincipallybelongstomorphology.Etiologypropercomprehendsallthosebranchesofnaturalscienceinwhichthechiefconcernistheknowledgeofcau
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