通信工程专业外文翻译码分多址.docx
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通信工程专业外文翻译码分多址.docx
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通信工程专业外文翻译码分多址
外文原文
Codedivisionmultipleaccess
Codedivisionmultipleaccess(CDMA)isachannelaccessmethodusedbyvariousradiocommunicationtechnologies.ItshouldnotbeconfusedwiththemobilephonestandardscalledcdmaOne,CDMA2000(the3GevolutionofcdmaOne)andWCDMA(the3GstandardusedbyGSMcarriers),whichareoftenreferredtoassimplyCDMA,anduseCDMAasanunderlyingchannelaccessmethod.
Oneoftheconceptsindatacommunicationistheideaofallowingseveraltransmitterstosendinformationsimultaneouslyoverasinglecommunicationchannel.Thisallowsseveraluserstoshareabandoffrequencies(seebandwidth).Thisconceptiscalledmultipleaccess.CDMAemploysspread-spectrumtechnologyandaspecialcodingscheme(whereeachtransmitterisassignedacode)toallowmultipleuserstobemultiplexedoverthesamephysicalchannel.Bycontrast,timedivisionmultipleaccess(TDMA)dividesaccessbytime,whilefrequency-divisionmultipleaccess(FDMA)dividesitbyfrequency.CDMAisaformofspread-spectrumsignalling,sincethemodulatedcodedsignalhasamuchhigherdatabandwidththanthedatabeingcommunicated.
StepsinCDMAModulation
EachuserinaCDMAsystemusesadifferentcodetomodulatetheirsignal.ChoosingthecodesusedtomodulatethesignalisveryimportantintheperformanceofCDMAsystems.Thebestperformancewilloccurwhenthereisgoodseparationbetweenthesignalofadesireduserandthesignalsofotherusers.Theseparationofthesignalsismadebycorrelatingthereceivedsignalwiththelocallygeneratedcodeofthedesireduser.Ifthesignalmatchesthedesireduser'scodethenthecorrelationfunctionwillbehighandthesystemcanextractthatsignal.Ifthedesireduser'scodehasnothingincommonwiththesignalthecorrelationshouldbeasclosetozeroaspossible(thuseliminatingthesignal);thisisreferredtoascrosscorrelation.Ifthecodeiscorrelatedwiththesignalatanytimeoffsetotherthanzero,thecorrelationshouldbeasclosetozeroaspossible.Thisisreferredtoasauto-correlationandisusedtorejectmulti-pathinterference.
Ingeneral,CDMAbelongstotwobasiccategories:
synchronous(orthogonalcodes)andasynchronous(pseudorandomcodes).
Codedivisionmultiplexing(SynchronousCDMA)
SynchronousCDMAexploitsmathematicalpropertiesoforthogonalitybetweenvectorsrepresentingthedatastrings.Forexample,binarystring1011isrepresentedbythevector(1,0,1,1).Vectorscanbemultipliedbytakingtheirdotproduct,bysummingtheproductsoftheirrespectivecomponents(forexample,ifu=(a,b)andv=(c,d),thentheirdotproductu·v=ac+bd).Ifthedotproductiszero,thetwovectorsaresaidtobeorthogonaltoeachother.SomepropertiesofthedotproductaidunderstandingofhowW-CDMAworks.
EachuserinsynchronousCDMAusesacodeorthogonaltotheothers'codestomodulatetheirsignal.Anexampleoffourmutuallyorthogonaldigitalsignalsisshowninthefigure.Orthogonalcodeshaveacross-correlationequaltozero;inotherwords,theydonotinterferewitheachother.InthecaseofIS-9564bitWalshcodesareusedtoencodethesignaltoseparatedifferentusers.Sinceeachofthe64Walshcodesareorthogonaltooneanother,thesignalsarechannelizedinto64orthogonalsignals.Thefollowingexampledemonstrateshoweachuser'ssignalcanbeencodedanddecoded.
AsynchronousCDMA
Whenmobile-to-baselinkscannotbepreciselycoordinated,particularlyduetothemobilityofthehandsets,adifferentapproachisrequired.Sinceitisnotmathematicallypossibletocreatesignaturesequencesthatarebothorthogonalforarbitrarilyrandomstartingpointsandwhichmakefulluseofthecodespace,unique"pseudo-random"or"pseudo-noise"(PN)sequencesareusedinasynchronousCDMAsystems.APNcodeisabinarysequencethatappearsrandombutcanbereproducedinadeterministicmannerbyintendedreceivers.ThesePNcodesareusedtoencodeanddecodeauser'ssignalinAsynchronousCDMAinthesamemannerastheorthogonalcodesinsynchronousCDMA(shownintheexampleabove).ThesePNsequencesarestatisticallyuncorrelated,andthesumofalargenumberofPNsequencesresultsinmultipleaccessinterference(MAI)thatisapproximatedbyaGaussiannoiseprocess(followingthecentrallimittheoreminstatistics).GoldcodesareanexampleofaPNsuitableforthispurpose,asthereislowcorrelationbetweenthecodes.Ifalloftheusersarereceivedwiththesamepowerlevel,thenthevariance(e.g.,thenoisepower)oftheMAIincreasesindirectproportiontothenumberofusers.Inotherwords,unlikesynchronousCDMA,thesignalsofotheruserswillappearasnoisetothesignalofinterestandinterfereslightlywiththedesiredsignalinproportiontonumberofusers.
AllformsofCDMAusespreadspectrumprocessgaintoallowreceiverstopartiallydiscriminateagainstunwantedsignals.SignalsencodedwiththespecifiedPNsequence(code)arereceived,whilesignalswithdifferentcodes(orthesamecodebutadifferenttimingoffset)appearaswidebandnoisereducedbytheprocessgain.
SinceeachusergeneratesMAI,controllingthesignalstrengthisanimportantissuewithCDMAtransmitters.ACDM(synchronousCDMA),TDMA,orFDMAreceivercanintheorycompletelyrejectarbitrarilystrongsignalsusingdifferentcodes,timeslotsorfrequencychannelsduetotheorthogonalityofthesesystems.ThisisnottrueforAsynchronousCDMA;rejectionofunwantedsignalsisonlypartial.Ifanyoralloftheunwantedsignalsaremuchstrongerthanthedesiredsignal,theywilloverwhelmit.ThisleadstoageneralrequirementinanyasynchronousCDMAsystemtoapproximatelymatchthevarioussignalpowerlevelsasseenatthereceiver.InCDMAcellular,thebasestationusesafastclosed-looppowercontrolschemetotightlycontroleachmobile'stransmitpower.
[edit]EfficientPracticalutilizationofFixedFrequencySpectrum
Intheory,CDMA,TDMAandFDMAhaveexactlythesamespectralefficiencybutpractically,eachhasitsownchallenges–powercontrolinthecaseofCDMA,timinginthecaseofTDMA,andfrequencygeneration/filteringinthecaseofFDMA.
TDMAsystemsmustcarefullysynchronizethetransmissiontimesofalltheuserstoensurethattheyarereceivedinthecorrecttimeslotanddonotcauseinterference.Sincethiscannotbeperfectlycontrolledinamobileenvironment,eachtimeslotmusthaveaguard-time,whichreducestheprobabilitythatuserswillinterfere,butdecreasesthespectralefficiency.Similarly,FDMAsystemsmustuseaguard-bandbetweenadjacentchannels,duetotheunpredictabledopplershiftofthesignalspectrumbecauseofusermobility.Theguard-bandswillreducetheprobabilitythatadjacentchannelswillinterfere,butdecreasetheutilizationofthespectrum.
FlexibleAllocationofResources
AsynchronousCDMAoffersakeyadvantageintheflexibleallocationofresourcesi.e.allocationofaPNcodestoactiveusers.InthecaseofCDM(synchronousCDMA),TDMA,andFDMAthenumberofsimultaneousorthogonalcodes,timeslotsandfrequencyslotsrespectivelyisfixedhencethecapacityintermsofnumberofsimultaneoususersislimited.Thereareafixednumberoforthogonalcodes,timeslotsorfrequencybandsthatcanbeallocatedforCDM,TDMA,andFDMAsystems,whichremainunderutilizedduetotheburstynatureoftelephonyandpacketizeddatatransmissions.ThereisnostrictlimittothenumberofusersthatcanbesupportedinanasynchronousCDMAsystem,onlyapracticallimitgovernedbythedesiredbiterrorprobability,sincetheSIR(SignaltoInterferenceRatio)variesinverselywiththenumberofusers.Inaburstytrafficenvironmentlikemobiletelephony,theadvantageaffordedbyasynchronousCDMAisthattheperformance(biterrorrate)isallowedtofluctuaterandomly,withanaveragevaluedeterminedbythenumberofuserstimesthepercentageofutilization.Supposethereare2Nusersthatonlytalkhalfofthetime,then2NuserscanbeaccommodatedwiththesameaveragebiterrorprobabilityasNusersthattalkallofthetime.ThekeydifferencehereisthatthebiterrorprobabilityforNuserstalkingallofthetimeisconstant,whereasitisarandomquantity(withthesamemean)for2Nuserstalkinghalfofthetime.
Inotherwords,asynchronousCDMAisideallysuitedtoamobilenetworkwherelargenumbersoftransmitterseachgeneratearelativelysmallamountoftrafficatirregularintervals.CDM(synchronousCDMA),TDMA,andFDMAsystemscannotrecovertheunderutilizedresourcesinherenttoburstytrafficduetothefixednumberoforthogonalcodes,timeslotsorfrequencychannelsthatcanbeassignedtoindividualtransmitters.Forinstance,ifthereareNtimeslotsinaTDMAsystemand2Nusersthattalkhalfofthetime,thenhalfofthetimetherewillbemorethanNusersneedingtousemorethanNtimeslots.Furthermore,itwouldrequiresignificantoverheadtocontinuallyallocateanddeallocatetheorthogonalcode,timeslotorfrequencychannelresources.Bycomparison,asynchronousCDMAtransmitterssimplysendwhentheyhavesomethingtosay,andgoofftheairwhentheydon't,keepingthesamePNsignaturesequenceaslongastheyareconnectedtothesystem.
Spread-spectrumcharacteristicsofCDMA
Mostmodulationschemestrytominimizethebandwidthofthissignalsincebandwidthisalimitedresource.However,spreadspectrumtechniquesuseatransmissionbandwidththatisseveralordersofmagnitudegreaterthantheminimumrequiredsignalbandwidth.Oneoftheinitialreasonsfordoingthiswasmilitaryapplicationsincludingguidanceandcommunicationsystems.Thesesystemsweredesignedusingspreadspectrumbeca
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