文学讲义.docx
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文学讲义.docx
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文学讲义
ChapterITheOldandMedievalPeriod
1.WhatistheplotandthemeofEngland’snationalepicBeowulf?
Beowulf,nephewofthekingoftheGeats,hearsthatHrothgar,aDanishking,isingreattrouble.ThekingofthekingdomisharassedbyamonstercalledGrendel.Heatoncesailsthere,grappleswiththemonster,andwoundsitfatally.ThencameGrendel’smother,ashe-monster,inrevengeofherson,Beowulffollowshertoherunder-watercoveandkillsherwithagiantsword,withthesehonorswon,hereturnstohishomelandandreignsasitskingfor50years.Thenafire-breathingdragoncomesoutofitsdenandkillsmanypeople.Thougholdnow,Beowulfstillkillsitsinglehandedly.Buthe,too,isfatallywoundedandlaterdied.
Thematically,thispoemshowshowtheprimitivepeoplefightagainstthefarcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader.
2.Whatisepic?
Epicisanextendednarrativepoem(叙事诗)inelevatedordignifiedlanguagelikeHomer’sIliadandOdyssey.Itusuallycelebratesthefeatsofoneormorelegendaryortraditionalheroes.Theactionissimplebutfullofmagnificence.Today,somelongnarrativeworks,likenovelsthatrevealanageanditspeoplearealsocalledepic.
3.Makecommentsontheromance“SirGawainandtheGreenKnight”.
Thestoryof“SirGawainandtheGreenKnight”istheculminationoftheArthurianromances.Theword“romance”herereferstosomeversenarrativethatsingsofknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds,andusuallyemphasizesthechivalriclove,faithandcourageoftheMiddleAgesinEurope.
Theromancecontainsfoursections,2530lines,derivedfromCelticlegend.Itisoneofthemostdelightfuloldromancesinanylanguage.Inform,itisaninterestingcombinationofFrenchandSaxonelement.Itiswritteninanelaboratestanzacombiningmeterandalliteration.Attheendofeachstanza,thereisarimedrefrain.
Ithas2mainmotifsinthestory,oneisthetestingoffaith,courageandpurity,theotheristheprovingofhumanweaknessforself-preservation.The2motifsprovidethepoemwithunmistakabletraitsofchivalricromances,plussomestrongChristiancolouring.
Besides,theromancegivesthereaderanengrossingtalewelltold,vestedinbeautifulpoetryandcontainingmanyartisticmerits.Fromtheromance,wecanseethecarefulinterweavingofoneepisodewithanother.Wecanseethevarioussuspenseandsurpriseasthestoryunfoldsitself.ThepsychologicalanalysisofSirGawain,asheencountersonestrangeeventafteranother,isworthyofnotice.Thedescriptionsofthesensonsaswellastheplacesandthingsseenbytheheroinhisadventuresareelaborate.Itslanguageissimpleandstraightforward.Thatiswhythepoemhassharedgreatpopularityoverandabovemistotherromancesoftheperiod.Ofcourse,ithassuperstitionandsupernaturalelements.AndtheheroicadventuresofSirGawainaresoughtafterandcarriedoutratherforadventures’sakethanforanyotherworthycause.
4.WhyisChaucerregardedas“thefatherofEnglishpoetry?
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Originally,oldEnglishpoemsaremainlyalliterativeverseswithfewvariation.ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetrytoreplaceit.IntheRomanceoftherose,hefirstintroducedtoEnglishtheoctosyllabiccouplet(八音节双行诗体).Inthelegendofgoodwomen,heusedforthefirsttimeinEnglishheroiccouplet,andinhismasterpiece,TheCanterburyTales,heemployedheroicwithtrueeaseandcharmforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofEnglishlanguage.
Besidesthis,thoughhedrewinfluencefromFrench,Italian,thelatinmodels,heisthefirstgreatpoetwhowroteinthecurrentEnglishlanguage.HisproductionofsomuchexcellentpoetryisanimportantfactorinestablishingEnglishastheliterarylanguageofthecountry.AndhemadethedialectofLondonthefoundationformodernEnglishspeech.Smallwonderlaterdaywriter,JohnDrydon,wouldcallhim“thefatherofEnglishpoetry.”
5.WhatisHeroicCouplet(英雄双韵体)?
Heroiccoupletisarhymingcoupletofiambicpentameter,oftencontainingacompletethought.Thereisafairlyheavypauseattheendofthefirstlineandastillheavieroneattheendofthesecond.Commonlythereisaparalleloranantithesis(对偶)withinaline,orbetweenthetwolines.ItiscalledheroicbecauseinEngland,esp,inthe18century,itwasmuchusedforheroicepicpoems.
6.WhatisChaucer’sliteraryachievement?
(1)Firstofall,hepresentedacomprehensiverealisticpictureofhisageandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersinhisworks,espinTheCanterburyTales.
(2)Heanticipatedanewera,theRenaissance,tocomeundertheinfluenceofmenlikePetrarch(彼得拉克)andBaccacio(蒲伽丘).Inhisworks,thespiritofRenaissancecanbealreadyseen.
(3)Hedevelopedhischaracterizationtohigherlevelbypresentingcharacterswithbothtypicalqualitiesandindividualdispositions.
(4)AndhegreatlycontributedtothematuringofEnglishprosody(诗律)byadoptingdifferentrhymingslills.Drydoncalledhim“thefatherofEnglishprosody.”
7.WhatisthefunctionofthePrologue(序言)to“TheCanterburyTales”?
ThePrologueisasplendidmasterpieceofrealisticportrayal,thefirstofitskindinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.Fromtheprologue,wecanseethatChaucerisatalentedportraitpainter.ThebroadsweepsofhisbrushofthepilgrimsornarratorsispresentedvividlyinthePrologue.ThepilgrimsarepeoplefromvariouspartsofEngland.Theyaretherepresentativesofvarioussidesoflifeandsocialgroups,withvariousinterests,tastesandpredilections.Thepilgrimsrangefromtheknight,thesquire,theprioress,throughthelandedproprietorandwealthytradesman,downtothedrunkencookandhumbleplowman.Therearealsomonks,nuns,priests.Andtherearealsoadoctor,alawyer,asummoner,asailor,amillerandanoxfordscholar.WithafeelingofsympathyChaucerdescribestheClerk,apoorphilosopherwhospendsallhismoneyonbooks.AmongthepilgrimsthereisaWifefromthetownofBath,agailydressedmiddle-agedwidow,whohopestofindahusbandinCanterbury.Inshort,eachofthenarratorsrevealhisorherownviewsandcharacter.ThusChaucercreatedastrikingbrilliantandpicturesquepanoramaofhistimeandhiscountry.AndthusChaucer’srealism,trenchantironyandfreedomofviewsreachedahighlevelofpower.ItisnoexaggerationtosaythattheProloguesuppliesaminiatureoftheEnglishsocietyofChaucer’stime.Lookingathispicturegallery,weknowatoncehowpeoplelivedinthatera.SoChaucerwaspraisedbyGorkyas“thefounderofEnglishrealism”.Ontheotherhand,thereisalsoanintimateconnectionbetweenthetalesandthePrologue,bothcomplementingeachother.ThePrologueprovidesaframeworkforthetales.
8.Whatisthesocialsignificanceof“TheCanterburyTales”?
Inhismasterpiece“TheCanterburyTales”,Chaucergivesusatrue-to-lifepictureofthesocietyofhistime.Takingthestandoftherisingbourgeoisie,heaffirmsmenandopposesthedogmaofasceticismpreachedbythechurch.Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisesman’senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.Histalesexposeandsatirizetheevilsofhistime.Theyattackthedegenerationofthenoble,theheartlessnessofthejudge,thecorruptionoftheChurchandsoon.
Livinginatransitionalperiod,Chaucerisnotentirelydevoidofmedievalprejudices.Heisreligioushimself.Thereisnothingrevolutionaryinhiswriting,thoughhelivedinaperiodofpeasantuprisings.Whilepraisingman’srighttoearthlyhappiness,hesometimeslikestocrackaroughjokeandpaintnaturalisticpicturesofsexuallife.TheseareChaucer’sweakpoints.Butthesearehowever,ofsecondaryimportancecomparedwithhisachievementasagreatpoetandstory-teller.
ChapterIIRenaissanceliterature
1.Howwouldyoudefinetheterm“Renaissance”(文艺复兴)?
Thistermreferstoagreatbourgeois(资产阶级)culturalmovementinEuropewhichbeganinthe14thcenturyandcontinuedtothemid-17thcentury.ItfirststartedfromItalyandthenspreadalloverEurope.Originally,thetermmeans“rebirth”or“revival”.AndthemovementseemstobearebirthorrevivalofancientGreekandRomanculture,causedbyaseriesofhistoricalevent,suchasthenewdiscoveriesingeographyandastrology(占星学),thereligiousreformationandtheeconomicexpansion.TheRenaissance,therefore,inessence(本质上),isahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarstriedtogetridofthoseoldfeudalisticideasinMedievalEurope.Tointroducenewideasthatexpresstheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheromancatholicchurch.
2.HowtodefinethetermHumanism(人文主义)?
Humanismisasystemofbeliefsupheld(支持)bywritersandartistsoftheRenaissanceperiodintheirfightingagainstmedievalasceticism(禁欲主义).Itstatesthatmanisgodly,themanisabletofindtruth,goodnessandbeauty,andthatmanisincontrolofthepresentliferatherthanbeingcontrolledbyGod.Briefly,humanismputsmanatthecenteroftheirbeliefsandtakesmantobethetreasureofeverythingwhiletheformerasceticismputsGodatthecenteroftheirbeliefsandtakespersonalsalvation(救赎)tobethemostimportantthingontheearthofman.
3.WhatarethemaincharacteristicsofHumanistwriting?
HumanismwritingsoftenaffirmthevalueofmanandareagainsttheabsolutecontrolofmanbyGod.Theycallforman’sfreedominthinking,praiseman’sworldlyaspirations,andblamethefeudalisticcontrolofman’sthought.Theystatethatmanhasarightforearthlyhappinessandthatasceticismisagainsthumannature.Inthem,
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