语言学9.docx
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语言学9.docx
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语言学9
LinguisticsChapter9LanguageandLiterature
Teachingobjectives:
thelearnerswillbebetterabletoknowsomegeneralfeaturesofliterarylanguage,thelanguageinpoetry,fiction,anddrama.
TeachingFocus:
generalfeaturesofliterarylanguage,thelanguageinpoetry,fiction,anddrama
TeachingMethods&Strategies:
teacherpresentationandclassdiscussion
TeachingProcedures
1.StyleandStylistics
2.Somegeneralfeaturesofliterarylanguage
3.Thelanguageinpoetry
4.Thelanguageinfiction
5.Thelanguageindrama
6.Task
1.StyleandStylistics
•Style:
variationinthelanguageuseofanindividual,suchasformal/informalstyle.
•Literarystyle:
waysofwritingemployedinliteratureandbyindividualwriters;thewaythemindoftheauthorexpressesitselfinwords.
•Stylistics“studiesthefeaturesofsituationallydistinctiveuses(varieties)oflanguage,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage.”(Crystal1980)
•1.Stylisticsisthestudyofvarietiesoflanguagewhosepropertiespositionthatlanguageincontext.Forexample,thelanguageofadvertising,politics,religion,individualauthors,etc.,orthelanguageofaperiodintime,allbelonginaparticularsituation.Inotherwords,theyallhave‘place’.
•2.Stylisticsalsoattemptstoestablishprinciplescapableofexplainingtheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage,suchassocialisation,theproductionandreceptionofmeaning,criticaldiscourseanalysisandliterarycriticism.
•3.Otherfeaturesofstylisticsincludetheuseofdialogue,includingregionalaccentsandpeople’sdialects,descriptivelanguage,theuseofgrammar,suchastheactivevoiceorpassivevoice,thedistributionofsentencelengths,theuseofparticularlanguageregisters,etc.
Levelsofanalysis
•Soundeffects
•Vocabulary
•Phraseology
•Grammar
•Implicature
2.Somegeneralfeaturesofliterarylanguage
•The1960dreamofhighriselivingsoonturnedintoanightmare.
•Fourstoreyshavenowindowslefttosmash
Butinthefifthachippedsillbuttresses
Motheranddaughterthelastmistresses
Ofthatblackblockcondemnedtostand,notcrash.
Thered-hairedwoman,smiling,wavingtothedisappearingshore.Sheleftthemaharajah;sheleftinnumerableotherlightso’passingloveintownsandcitiesandtheatresandrailwaystationsallovertheworld.ButMelchiorshedidnotleave.
那位红头发的女士,微笑着,向逐渐消失的海岸挥动着手臂。
她离开了王公;离开了全世界城乡、都市、剧院和火车站的无以计数的短暂恋情。
但是,她没有离开梅尔基奥尔。
2.1Whatis‘foregrounding’?
•Inapurelylinguisticsense,theterm‘foregrounding’isusedtorefertonewinformation,incontrasttoelementsinthesentencewhichformthebackgroundagainstwhichthenewelementsaretobeunderstoodbythelistener/reader.
•Inthewidersenseofstylistics,textlinguistics,andliterarystudies,itisatranslationoftheCzechaktualisace(actualization),atermcommonwiththePragueStructuralists.
•Inthissenseithasbecomeaspatialmetaphor:
thatofaforegroundandabackground,whichallowsthetermtoberelatedtoissuesinperceptionpsychology,suchasfigure/groundconstellations.
•TheEnglishterm‘foregrounding’hascometomeanseveralthingsatonce:
•the(psycholinguistic)processesbywhich-duringthereadingact-somethingmaybegivenspecialprominence;
•specificdevices(asproducedbytheauthor)locatedinthetextitself.Itisalsoemployedtoindicatethespecificpoeticeffectonthereader;
•ananalyticcategoryinordertoevaluateliterarytexts,ortosituatethemhistorically,ortoexplaintheirimportanceandculturalsignificance,ortodifferentiateliteraturefromothervarietiesoflanguageuse,suchaseverydayconversationsorscientificreports.
•Thusthetermcoversawideareaofmeaning.
•Thismayhaveitsadvantages,butmayalsobeproblematic:
whichoftheabovemeaningsisintendedmustoftenbededucedfromthecontextinwhichthetermisused.
2.2DevicesofForegrounding
•Outsideliterature,languagetendstobeautomatized;itsstructuresandmeaningsareusedroutinely.
•Withinliterature,however,thisisopposedbydeviceswhichthwarttheautomatismwithwhichlanguageisread,processed,orunderstood.
•Generally,twosuchdevicesmaybedistinguished,deviation(偏离)andparallelism(广义的排比).
•Deviationcorrespondstothetraditionalideaofpoeticlicense:
thewriterofliteratureisallowed-incontrasttotheeverydayspeaker-todeviatefromrules,maxims,orconventions.
•Thesemayinvolvethelanguage,aswellasliterarytraditionsorexpectationssetupbythetextitself.
•Theresultissomedegreeofsurpriseinthereader,andhis/herattentionistherebydrawntotheformofthetextitself(ratherthantoitscontent).
•Casesofneologism,livemetaphor,orungrammaticalsentences,aswellasarchaisms,paradox,andoxymoron(thetraditionaltropes)areclearexamplesofdeviation.
•Devicesofparallelismarecharacterizedbyrepetitivestructures:
(partof)averbalconfigurationisrepeated(orcontrasted),therebybeingpromotedintotheforegroundofthereader'sperception.
•Traditionalhandbooksofpoeticsandrhetorichavesurveyedanddescribed(underthecategoryoffiguresofspeech)awidevarietyofsuchformsofparallelism,e.g.,rhyme,assonance(准押韵),alliteration(头韵),metre(韵律),semanticsymmetry(语义对称),orantistrophe(逆反复).
2.3Literallanguageandfigurativelanguage
•Friends,RomansandCountrymen,lendmeyourears…
AnthonyinShakespeare’s
JuliusCaesar
1.Simile明喻
O,myluveislikeared,redrose,
That’snewlysprunginJune;
O,myluveislikethemelodie
That’ssweetlyplay’dintune.
RobertBurns(1759-96)
2.Metaphor暗喻
Alltheworld’sastage,
Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers;
Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances.
Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,
Hisactsbeingsevenages…
WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)
3.Metonymy转喻
Thereisnoarmouragainstfate;
Deathlayshisicyhandonkings;
SceptreandCrown
Musttumbledown
Andinthedustbeequalmade
WiththepoorcrookedScytheandSpade.
JamesShirley(1596-1666)
4.Synecdoche提喻
•Theywereshortofhandsatharvesttime.(partforwhole)
•Haveyouanycoppers?
(materialforthingmade)
•Heisapoorcreature.(genusforspecies)
•HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.(individualforclass)
•Namethekindoftrope(比喻):
•Theboywasascunningasafox.
•TheyellowriverwasthecradleofChinesecivilization.
•Mozartshowedtalentsformusicfromthecradle.
•Thelackofcohesionofthecompanyaccountedforthebraindrain.
•Metonymy和synecdoche的区别?
•Metonymy中的两个名称的所指属于完全不同的两个事物,只是由于两者总是处于“同现关系”中,才取而代之。
如国王戴着王冠,作家用笔写作,牛奶盛于瓶子里等。
•Synecdoche中的两个名称的所指处于”包含”与“被包含”的关系中。
如“整体”是由“部分”组成,“船”包含“帆”,而“帆”被船所包含。
2.4Analysisofliterarylanguage
•Foregroundingontheleveloflexis
•Foregroundingonthelevelofsyntax:
wordorder,wordgroups,deviantormarkedstructures
•Rewritingforcomparativestudies
•Meaning
•Context
•Figurativelanguage
3.Thelanguageinpoetry
LittleBo-peep
Haslosthersheep
Anddoesn’tknowwheretofindthem
Leavethemalone
Andtheywillcomehome
Wagglingtheirtailsbehindthem
Fairisfoulandfoulisfair
Hoverthroughwindandmurkyair
Hark!
Theheraldangelssing
GlorytothenewbornKing!
Longburnedhairbrushes
Acrossmyfaceitsspider
Silk.Ismelllavender
Cinnamon:
mymother’sclothes
3.1Formsofsoundpatterning
•Rhyme押韵
•Alliteration头韵
•Assonance准押韵
•Consonance辅音韵
•Reverserhyme反韵
•Pararhyme头尾韵
•Repetition重复
•Rhyme:
–twowordsrhymeiftheirfinalstressedvowelandallfollowingsoundsareidentical;
–twolinesofpoetryrhymeiftheirfinalstrongpositionsarefilledwithrhymingwords.
HumptyDumpty鸡蛋胖胖(矮胖的人)
|Humpty|Dumpty|satona|wall
|Humpty|Dumpty|hadagreat|fall
|Alltheking’s|horsesand|alltheking’s|men
|Couldn’tput|Humptyto|gethera|gain
•Alliteration:
repetitionoftheinitialconsonantofaword
–Magazinearticles:
“SciencehasSpoiledmySupper”and“TooMuchTalentinTennessee?
”
–Comic/cartooncharacters:
BeetleBailey,DonaldDuck
–Restaurants:
CoffeeCorner,SushiStation
–Expressions:
busyasabee,deadasadoornail,goodasgold,rightasrain,etc...
–Music:
Blackalicious'“AlphabetAerobics”
•Assonance:
Repetitionofvowelsoundstocreateinternalrhymingwithinphrasesorsentences
–Thesoundofthegroundisanoun.
–Hearthemellowweddingbells.(Poe)
–Andmurmuringofinnumerablebees(Tennyson)
–Thecrumblingthunderofseas(Stevenson)
–Thatsolitudewhichsuitsabstrusermusings(Coleridge)
–DeadindamiddleoflittleItaly,littledid
weknowthatweriddledsomemiddlemen
whodidn'tdodiddily.(BigPun)
•Consonance:
Therepetitionoftwoormoreconsonantsusingdifferentvowelswithinwords.
–AllmammalsnamedSamareclammy
–Andthesilkensaduncertainrustlingofeachpurplecurtain(Poe)
–Raprejectsmytapedeck,ejectsprojectile/WhetherjeworgentileIranktoppercentile.(Hip-hopmusic)
•Reverserhyme:
CVC
–Coca-Cola;Hoolahoops
–Suchstormscanbringyoutothebrinkofallyoufear
Restorewhatfaithyoucaninfadedhopesandfeel
•Pararhyme(Framerhyme):
CVC
–Eachsturdysteed-likesoldierrankedthefield
Withfearsomefacesseldomseendefiled
•RichRhyme:
CVC
–Whatdoesitavailyoutoprevailineveryaffair
Whennothingyou’vegainedcanberegainedasspiritualfare
•Repetition:
–“Words,words,words.”(Hamlet)
–“This,itseemedtohim,wastheend,theendofaworldas
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