语言学Chapter4Exercises含答案.docx
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语言学Chapter4Exercises含答案.docx
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语言学Chapter4Exercises含答案
Chapter4FromWordtoText
I.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse:
1.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.
2.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.
3.Anendocentricconstructionisalsoknownasheadedconstructionbecauseithasjustonehead
4.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.
5.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.
6.Numberandgenderarecategoriesofnounandpronoun.
7.WordorderplaysanimportantroleintheorganizationofEnglishsentences.
8.LikeEnglish,modernChineseisaSVOlanguage.
9.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.
10.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.
(1-5TTFTF6-10TTTTT)
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
1Asisastructurallyindependentunitthatusually
comprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand
2.Aclausethattakesasubjectandafiniteverb,andatthesametimestructurallyaloneisknownasanfclause
3.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp.
4.Acsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,one
ofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.
5.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledaneclause.
6.Majorlexicalcategoriesareo___categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.
7.Grelationsrefertothestructuralandlogical
functionalrelationsbetweeneverynounphraseandsentence
8.Aasentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhich
containsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.
9.Asisastructurallyindependentunitthatusually
comprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,question
orcommand.
10.Asmaybeanounoranounphraseina
sentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.
Answers:
1.sentence
2.finite
3.predicate
4.
complex
5.embedded
6.open
7.grammatical
8.simple
9.
sentence
10.subject
III.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Mark
thechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
1Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is
AthecityBRomeCcityDthecityand
Rome
2.Aintheembeddedclausereferstothe
introductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.
A.coordinatorB.particleC.Preposition
D.subordinator
A.recursive
3Phrasestructureruleshaveproperties.
B.grammatical
C.social
D.functional
4.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand
A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.
B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwords
C.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentences
D.Alloftheabove.
5Thephrase“onthehalf”belongstoconstruction
AendocentricBexocentricCsubordinateDcoordinate
6.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforthefactthat
A.nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.
B.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernoun
phrase
C.nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositions
D.nounphrasecanbemovedtoanyplaceifnecessary.
7Thesentencestructureis.
A.onlylinearB.Onlyhierarchical
C.compelD.bothlinearandhierarchical
8.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageareinnumber.
A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite
9.Therulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasesto
formgrammaticalsentences.
A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.combinational
10Thesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves”isa
sentence
AsimpleBcoordinateCcompoundDcomplex
Answers:
1D2D3.A4D5B6A7D8C9D10A
IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.
1.Syntax
2.ICanalysis
3.Hierarchicalstructure
Answers:
1.Syntax:
Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.
2.ICanalysis:
Immediateconstituentanalysis,ICanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents-wordgroups(phrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.
3.Hierarchicalstructure:
Itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNP,VPandPP.
V.Answerthefollowingquestions:
1.Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?
Illustratethemwithexamples.
2.Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?
3.DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:
Thechildaskedforanewbook
4.Whatarethemajortypesofsentencesaccordingtotraditionalapproach?
Illustratethemwithexamples?
Answers:
1.Traditionally,therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence,coordinate(compound)sentence,andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence,forexample:
Johnreadsextensively.Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".Forexample:
Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparingforherhistoryexam.Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexample:
BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlinguistics.
2.Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Atypicalexampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.Theexocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.
3.略
4.Traditionally,therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence,coordinate(compound)sentence,andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence,forexample:
Johnreadsextensively.Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".Forexample:
Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparingforherhistoryexam.Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexample:
BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlinguistics.
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