心理语言学中的几个核心问题作业.docx
- 文档编号:27621230
- 上传时间:2023-07-03
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:12
- 大小:39.73KB
心理语言学中的几个核心问题作业.docx
《心理语言学中的几个核心问题作业.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《心理语言学中的几个核心问题作业.docx(12页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
心理语言学中的几个核心问题作业
攻读硕士学位研究生作业
(2012至2013学年度第2学期)
题目回答问题
科目心理语言学
姓名于金明
专业英语课程与教学论
入学年月2011年9月
简短评语
成绩:
授课教师签字:
ATestPaperforPsycholinguistics
1.Commentonthecontinuityanddiscontinuityviewsabouthumanlanguage.
Approachestotheoriginoflanguagecanbedividedaccordingtotheirunderlyingassumptions.ContinuityTheoryisbasedontheideathatlanguageissocomplexthatonecannotimagineitsimplyappearingfromnothinginitsfinalform:
itmusthaveevolvedfromearlierpre-linguisticsystemsamongourprimateancestors.DiscontinuityTheoryisbasedontheoppositeideathatlanguageisauniquetraitsoitcannotbecomparedtoanythingfoundamongnon-humansandmustthereforehaveappearedfairlysuddenlyduringthecourseofhumanevolution.
TheContinuityTheoryisbasedontheconvictionthatthereisnofundamentaldifferencebetweenhumancommunicationandthecommunicationofanimals.Bothtransmitmessagestoothermembersoftheirspecieswhichcanbeunderstoodbythereceiverofthemessage.Theneedforcommunicationandtheuseofsounds,noisesandsignsareequallyimportantforhumansandanimals.Althoughthereisadiscrepancyinthequantityofpossiblemessagesandalthoughthesounds,noisesandsignssoundorlookdifferent,theyareallformsofadevelopedlanguageorformsoflanguageintheconstantlydevelopinglineofevolution.Supportersofcontinuitytheoriessuggestthatlanguagegrewoutofaprimatecallsystem,liketheonesusedbyapestoday.
Thehugegulfbetweenthesecallsand‘real’speechhasledmanypeopletoargueforaDiscontinuityTheory.ProponentsoftheDiscontinuityTheorycriticizetheContinuityTheoryastheyconsistofexamplesthatarerareandscatteredallovertheanimalkingdomamongcountlessspecies.Thereasontheexamplesaresodisparateisthatparallelsarerare.Thissuggestsaccidentalconvergence.Sotheseexamplesaretoowidespreadtobeappliedonman.Oneexamplecomesfrombirds,anotherfrombeesandanotherfrommonkeys.TheproponentsoftheDiscontinuityTheoryseesthiswidespreadofexamplesandparallelsmoreasanevidencefordiscontinuitythanasforcontinuity.NoamChomskyisaprominentproponentofDiscontinuityTheory.TheviewsofNoamChomskyonthenatureofUG(innateuniversalgrammar)havelongbeendominantwithinthefieldoflinguistics.Hearguesthatasinglechancemutationoccurredinoneindividualontheorderof100,000yearsago,triggeringthe“instantaneous”emergenceofthelanguagefacultyin“perfect”or“near-perfect”form.
Acontinuityversusdiscontinuitydividemaybeoversimple.Languageisacomplexmosaicinwhichsomefeaturesarecontinuous,andsomediscontinuouswithapeorotheranimals’communication.Exactlywhichiswhichisstillunderdiscussion.Forthisquestion,maybe,ausefulfirststepistoattempttodefine‘language’.Someresearchersdefinelanguagebyitemizingoutthevarious‘designfeatures’oflanguage.Theresultisthatsomeanimalspossesssomeofthefeaturesoflanguage.Forexample,birdsonghasdualityandbeedancinghassomedegreeofdisplacement.But,noanimalcommunicationsystemhasbothdualityanddisplacement.Noanimalsystemcanbeprovedhavesemanticityortousestructure-dependentoperations.Aboveall,noanimalcancommunicatecreativelywithanotheranimal.
2.What’sthedifferencebetweenfullreportandpartialreporttechniquesinthestudiesofhumansensorystore?
Inthecourseofprocessingvisualinformation,thevisualsystemmaintainsthesensationforabriefamountoftime,about250milliseconds,evenafterthestimulusthatgaverisetothesensationisgone.Thepersistingvisualsensation,akindofsensorymemory\store,iscallediconicmemory\store.Insomeoftheexperimentsdesignedforstudyingtheiconicmemory\store,thesubjectswerepresentedanarrayoflettersanddigits,foursymbolsineachofthreerows.Thearraywaspresentedforonly50milliseconds.Inonecondition,calledthefullreportprocedure,subjectshadtoreportallofthesymbolsinthearray.Subjectswereabletoreportaccuratelyonlyabout4or5ofthesymbols,andsowererememberingabout40%ofthe12-symbolarray.
Inanothercondition,calledthepartialreportprocedure,subjectswerepresentedatonetoindicatewhichrowofthearraytheyhadtoreport.Ahightonemeantreporttheupperrow,amiddletonemeantreportthemiddlerow,andalowtonemeantreportthelowerrow.Thetonewaspresentedjustafterthearraydisappeared.Subjectsinthepartialreportprocedurecouldaccuratelyreportallornearlyallofthesymbolsinarow(about90%ofthesymbolsonaverage).Becausesubjectscouldnotknowinadvancewhichrowtheywouldbeaskedtoreport,theinferenceisthatsubjectshadsometransientmemory\storeofatleast90%ofallofthesymbols.Ifadelaywasintroducedbetweenthedisappearanceofthearrayandthepresentationofthetone,thenthepercentageofsymbolsfromthearraythatsubjectswereabletoreportdeclinedfromaround90%toaround40%.Mostestimatesarethatfullandpartialreportperformancebecomesequivalentafterabouta250milliseconddelay.
Theexplanationwasthatthevisualsensationpersistsintheformofahigh-capacityiconicmemory\storeforaboutaquarterofasecond.Whensubjectshavetoreportallofthesymbolsinthearray,theiconhasfadedawaybeforethereportcanbecompleted.So,subjectsreportonlyabout4or5symbols.Whensubjectshavetoreportonlyonerowofthearray,theycanreportmostofthesymbolsintherowbeforetheiconfades.Presumably,then,theiconcontainsessentiallyallofthevisualinformationinthevisualsensation.
3.Explainbrieflythefollowingfourtechniquesusedinpsycholinguisticstudies:
subsidiarytaskmethod,phoneme-monitoring,click-monitoringandshadowing.
Themostwidelyadoptedapproachinpsycholinguisticresearchistogatherevidenceexperimentally.Awiderangeofexperimentalmethodshasbeendevised,manyspecifictopsycholinguistics.
Onegroupinvolvesmeasuringhowlongittakesasubjecttorespondtoastimulus.Thatis,thesemethodsmeasurethereactiontimetoastimulus.Phoneme/wordmonitoringisatypicalexampleofreactiontime(RT)tasks.Specifically,thesubjectspressabuttonwhenevertheyhearaparticularphonemeorwordinarecordedtext.Theirresponseisslowerwhenthephonemeorwordcoincideswith,forexample,semanticorsyntacticambiguitiesinthetext.Thisenablestheexperimentertomeasuretheincreaseddemandswhichtheseambiguitiesmakeuponworkingmemoryofthesubjects.Theassumptionwasmadethatprocessingresourcesaresharedbetweenthephonemeidentificationprocessandcomputationsatthesehigherlevels.Asmoreresourcesareallocatedtothehigherlevelcomputations,thephonemedetectionprocessissloweddown,therebygivingameasureofthecomplexityofthehigherlevelprocesses.
Anothergroupofmethodsinvolvedetectiontasksinwhichsubjectshavetodeterminewhetherafeatureispresentand/orwhereitislocated.Theresearchermightrecordwhichfeaturesremainundetectedorthedistancebetweentheactualandperceivedpositionofafeature.Click-monitoringisoneofthedetectiontasks.Inthetask,thesubjectshearsentenceswithaclickinthem,andindicatewheretheybelievetheclickoccurs.Theclickmaybeperceivedinthewrongplacebecauseoftheinfluenceofsyntacticstructure.Someexperimentshaveshownthatclicksaresubjectivelyattractedtowardclauseboundaries,andthattheirlocusisreportedmoreaccuratelywhenclickscoincidewithmajorsyntacticbreaks.So,itisproposedthatduringsentenceperception,clausesactuallyfunctionasperceptualunitsresistanttoclickintrusion.Thereisalsoanon-lineversionoftheclick-monitoringtaskthatrequiressubjectstopressakey
asfastaspossibleassoonastheyhearaclick,inthehopeofobtaininglongerlatencieswhensentenceprocessingbecomesmoredifficult.Thisexpectationisbasedontheviewthatsyntacticandsemanticprocessesandtheclick-detectiontasksharelimitedresources.Thiskindofon-lineclick-monitoringtaskalsoisoneofreactiontimetasks.
Anothergroupofmethodstestsubjects’interpretationoflinguisticinput.Shadowingissuchamethod.Specificallyspeaking,subjectslistentoacassetterecording,andrepeatwhattheyhearascloselyafterthespeakeraspossible.Shadowingprovidesinsightsintospokenlanguageperception,particularlythroughtheerrorsthatsubjectsmake.Ithasbeenshownthatlistenersareabletorepeatbackwhattheyhearatalatency(responsedelay)ofaslittleas200to250milliseconds,orapproximatelythelengthofasyllableinEnglish.Thefindingdemonstratesthatprocessingtakesplaceonline(whilethesignalisbeingreceived)ratherthanbeingsuspendeduntiltheendofaclauseorsentence.Whatismore,subjectsspontaneouslycorrecterrorsofgrammarorpronunciationinwhattheyhear,suggestingthattheyoftenrecognizethewordsinquestionbeforetheyareactuallycomplete.Evenshorter(closeshadowing)latencieshavesometimesbeenreported,buttheseshouldbetreatedwithsomecaution,asfindingsareoftenbasedonshadowingrelativelyslowread-aloudspeechratherthannaturalspeech.
Thereisalsoamethodcalledsubsidiarytaskmethodwhichbelongstothegroupofdual-taskmethodswhichisoftenusedtoassesthementalload.Theuseandrationaleofdual-taskmethodsisthattheinformationaldemandsofthetwotaskscompetefortheresourcesofalimited-capacityinformationprocessingsystem,anyoverloadingofwhichisreflectedbyperformancedecrementsinoneorbothofthetasks.The
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 心理 语言学 中的 几个 核心 问题 作业