日托福阅读真题解析.docx
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日托福阅读真题解析.docx
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日托福阅读真题解析
2013年11月2日托福阅读真题解析
第一篇
TOPICTheDisappearanceOfDPeople
第一段讲因为acooltrend,该地能够适应寒冷的人留下来,演变成了D人。
第二段讲然后拿他们和pre-D的人做了比较。
有一题问的是哪些不是pre-D的characteristic。
第三段讲有两个原因导致了D人的disappearance。
一个是climatechange。
因为Arctic气候变暖,然后冰川融化,一部分(Dozen)人原来已经adapttoclimate,并且有了在寒冷气候下的生存方式,现在不能适应这种气候,然后就搬走了,另一部分人为了适应这种气候,抛弃tundra,而他们的祖先留下来的以前的捕猎技巧等绝大多数适用于陆地上捕猎,而天气便暖导致冰川暖化,他们也不得不放弃这些技巧,转而去适应捕猎海中的mammals。
第四段讲又有一个人种T,起源于Greenland的某个地方,然后气温升高导致冰川融化,他们也捕猎海中大型mammal,但以前捕猎范围有限,因为被冰限制住了,后来冰川融化,圈子open,然后他们就追赶这些动物到加拿大北极圈的那些居民住的地方,后来又把那里的原著居民赶走了。
然后在这个文化逐渐消亡,但还有些残存。
解析:
本文属历史类话题,讲述北美大陆早期居民历史,原文中两个民族经分析,应为Dorset多西特族和Thule图勒族。
本文结构应属于描述类和因果类结合,开篇介绍Dorset族,后文重点谈及Dorset族消失的原因,主要原因为气候变化。
气候变化在托福阅读文章当中出现的次数不胜枚举,几乎所有历史现象、生物特征等分析原因时,都会从气候变化出发。
下文为关于Dorset民族的介绍。
Dorsetculture
TheDorsetculture(alsocalledtheDorsetTradition)wasaPaleo-Eskimoculture(500BCE–1500CE)thatprecededtheInuitcultureinArcticNorthAmerica.ItisnamedafterCapeDorsetinNunavut,Canadawherethefirsttheevidenceofitsexistencewasfound.Theculturehasbeendefinedashavingfourphasesduetothedistinctdifferencesinthetechnologiesrelatingtohuntingandtoolmaking.Artefactsincludedistinctivetriangularend-blades,soapstonelamps,andburins.
TheDorsetwerefirstidentifiedasaseparateculturein1925.ArchaeologyhasbeencriticaltoaddingtoknowledgeaboutthembecausetheDorsetwereessentiallyextinctby1500duetodifficultiesinadaptingtotheMedievalWarmPeriod.TheThule,whobeganmigratingeastfromAlaskainthe1000s,beganthedisplacementoftheDorset.Howeverasmall,isolatedcommunityofpeopleknownastheSadlermiutsurviveduntil1902-1903atHudsonBayonCoats,Walrus,andSouthamptonislands.DNAtestinghasconfirmedthesepeopleweredirectlyrelatedtotheDorsetculture.
Dorsetcultureandhistoryisdividedintofourperiods:
theEarly(whichbeganaround500BCE),Middle,Late(startingaroundCE800),andTerminal(CE1000to1500)phases.TheTerminalphasewasalreadyinprogresswhentheThuleenteredtheCanadianArctic,migratingeastfromAlaska.ItisprobablycloselyrelatedtotheonsetoftheMedievalWarmPeriod,whichstartedtowarmtheArcticconsiderablyaroundAD800.Withthewarmerclimates,theseaicebecamelesspredictableandwasisolatedfromtheHighArctic.
TheDorsetwerehighlyadaptedtolivinginaverycoldclimate,andmuchoftheirfoodcamefromhuntingseamammalsthroughholesintheice.Themassivedeclineinsea-icewhichtheMedievalWarmPeriodproducedwouldhavehadadevastatingimpactupontheirwayoflife.Theyseemtohavehadgreatdifficultyadaptingtothischange.Theyapparentlyfollowedtheicenorth.DuringtheLateandTerminalperiods,theyconcentratedtheirsettlementsintheHighArctic.[citationneeded]Asmentionedbelow,anisolatedremnantoftheDorsetmayhavesurvivedonafewsmallHudsonBayislandsuntil1902.Mostoftheevidencedemonstratesthatby1500theyhadessentiallydisappeared.
Thereappearstohavebeenminimal(ifany)geneticconnectionbetweentheDorsetandtheThule.[citationneeded]Archaeological,culturalandlegendaryevidencesupportsThule-Dorsetinteraction.Forinstance,theThuleengagedinseal-holehunting,whichwasnotknownfromtheircultureinAlaska.TheDorsetextensivelyusedthishuntingtechnique,likelyaformoftechnologythattheycouldteachtheThule.
Further,thespeedanddirectionoftheThulemigrationmayimplyDorset-Thuleconnections.TheThulemadeanalmostdirectmigrationfromAlaska,acrossthecontinentthroughforeignlandsallthewaytoGreenland,inthespanofafewcenturies.FortheThuletohaveaccomplishedthis,theylikelyrequireddirectionsandassistance,whichtheDorsetmayhaveprovided.ThedetailsofThule/Dorsetinteractionsaremostlyunknownandgeneratequestions:
didtheThulecarrynewdiseases,howmuchdirectconflictwastherebetweenthetwopeoples,andwhatwasthenatureoftheirsocialinteractions?
MuchcanbeinferredfromInuitlegends,archaeologyandthegeneticstudiesmentionedabove.TheThulewereastrongpeoplewithahistoryofwarfare,andtheyhadbetterweaponsthantheDorset.Theprocessof"drivingoff"theDorset,whichisrecountedintheirlegends,wouldlikelyhaveinvolveddirectconflict.Astherewasalmostnointerbreedingbetweenthem,socialinteractionsdidnotappeartogomuchbeyondtrading.AlthougharchaeologicalevidenceindicatesthattheDorsetwereinsteepdeclinewhentheThulearrived,[citationneeded]conflictswiththeInuitwouldhavehastenedthatdecline.
第二篇
TOPICOverhunting对Largemammal灭绝影响
开始讲虽然climatechange对动物灭绝有影响,但是humanact也有很大关系,然后下面开始讲人类活动的影响。
举了个例子,在Maori的某一个岛上,然后这里的鸟儿没有天敌,然后好happy的进化到不会飞了,这些鸟从小的turkey到大的ostrich大概有十几种(有考题)。
结果后来有一天人类登岛了,这些鸟儿就糟糕了。
然后人类开始开垦森林,抓捕这些鸟,导致他们的数量极具下降,然后说岛的另外一些地方人类活动相对较少,那里的不会飞的鸟儿依旧很好,数量没怎么受到影响。
后来又说海里人类的overexploitation行为更加恶劣,但人们都不在乎,还以为什么都没发生。
解析:
本文属生物学话题,重点谈到人类活动和生物之间的关系,在托福文章中几乎只要涉及到人类活动,就是对自然环境造成负面影响。
本文整体结构应属于因果类,但主要是阐释人类活动造成的恶劣结果。
Moa
Themoawereninespecies(insixgenera)offlightlessbirdsendemictoNewZealand.Thetwolargestspecies,DinornisrobustusandDinornisnovaezelandiae,reachedabout3.6m(12ft)inheightwithneckoutstretched,andweighedabout230kg(510lb).
MoabelongtotheratitegroupintheorderDinornithiformes.Theninespeciesofmoaweretheonlywinglessbirds,lackingeventhevestigialwingswhichallotherratiteshave.TheywerethedominantherbivoresinNewZealand'sforest,shrublandandsubalpineecosystemsforthousandsofyears,anduntilthearrivaloftheMāoriwerehuntedonlybytheHaast'sEagle.Itisgenerallyconsideredthatmost,ifnotall,speciesofmoadiedoutbyA.D.1400duetooverhuntingbytheMāoriandhabitatdecline.
Beforethearrivalofhumansettlers,themoa'sonlypredatorwasthemassiveHaast'sEagle.TheMāoriarrivedsometimebeforeA.D.1300,andallmoageneraweresoondriventoextinctionbyhuntingand,toalesserextent,byhabitatreductionduetoforestclearance.ByaboutA.D.1400,almostallmoaaregenerallythoughttohavebecomeextinct,alongwiththeHaast'sEaglewhichhadreliedonthemforfood.Recentresearchusingcarbon-14datingofmiddensstronglysuggeststhattheeventsleadingtoextinctiontooklessthanahundredyears,[34]ratherthanaperiodofexploitationlastingseveralhundredyears,whichiswhathadpreviouslybeenhypothesized.
Dodo
Likemanyanimalsthatevolvedinisolationfromsignificantpredators,theDodowasentirelyfearlessofhumans.ThisfearlessnessanditsinabilitytoflymadetheDodoeasypreyforsailors.AlthoughsomescatteredreportsdescribemasskillingsofDodosforships'provisions,archaeologicalinvestigationshavefoundscantevidenceofhumanpredation.BonesofatleasttwoDodoswerefoundincavesatBaieduCapthatshelteredfugitiveslavesandconvictsinthe17thcenturyandwouldnothavebeeneasilyaccessibletoDodosbecauseofthehigh,brokenterrain.ThehumanpopulationonMauritius(anareaof1,860km2or720sqmi)neverexceeded50peopleinthe17thcentury,buttheyintroducedotheranimals,includingdogs,pigs,cats,rats,andcrab-eatingmacaques,whichplunderedDodonestsandcompetedforthelimitedfoodresources.Atthesametime,humansdestroyedtheDodo'sforesthabitat.Theimpactoftheseintroducedanimals,especiallythepigsandmacaques,ontheDodopopulationiscurrentlyconsideredmoreseverethanthatofhunting.Ratswereperhapsnotmuchofathreattothenests,sinceDodoswouldhavebeenusedtodealingwithlocallandcrabs.
IthasbeensuggestedthattheDodomayalreadyhavebeenrareorlocalisedbeforethearrivalofhumansonMauritius,sinceitwouldhavebeenunlikelytobecomeextinctsorapidlyifithadoccupiedalltheremoteareasoftheisland.A2005expeditionfoundsubfossilremainsofDodosandotheranimalskilledbyaflashflood.Suchmassmortalitieswouldhavefurtherjeopardisedaspeciesalreadyindangerofbecomingextinct.
Overexploitation
Overexploitation,alsocalledoverharvesting,referstoharvestingarenewableresourcetothepointofdiminishingreturns.Sustainedoverexploitationcanleadtothedestructionoftheresource.Thetermappliestonaturalresourcessuchas:
wildmedicinalplants,grazingpastures,gameanimals,fishstocks,forests,andwateraquifers.
Inecology,overexploitationdescribesoneofthefivemainactivitiesthreateningglobalbiodiversity.Ecologistsusethetermtodescribepopulationsthatareharvestedataratethatisunsustainable,giventheirnaturalratesofmortalityandcapacitiesforreproduction.Thiscanresultinextinctionatthepopulationlevelandevenextinctionofwholespecies.Inconservationbiologythetermisusuallyusedinthecontextofhumaneconomicactivitythatinvolvesthetakingofbiologicalresources,ororganisms,inlargernumbersthantheirpopulationscanwithstand.Thetermisalsousedanddefinedsomewhatdifferentlyinfisheries,hydrologyandnaturalresourcemanagement.
Overexploitationcanleadtoresourcedestruction,includingextinctions.Howeveritisalsopossibleforoverexploitationtobesustainable,asdiscussedbelowinthesectiononfisheries.Inthecontextoffishing,thetermoverfishingcanbeusedinsteadofoverexploitation,ascanovergrazinginstockmanagement,overlogginginforestmanagement,overdraftinginaquifermanagement,andendangeredspeciesinspeciesmonitoring.Overexploitationisnotanactivitylimitedtohumans.Introducedpredatorsandherbivores,forexample,canoverexploitnativefloraandfauna.
第三篇
TOPICArchaeologicalEvidence
上来介绍有两种考古证据的formationprocess,第一种是natural(和人无关),第二种是cultural(和人有关)。
然后说cultural的有两种情况,一种是埋下去之前和人有关,一种是埋下去之后还和人有关。
第二段开始举例,包括tool,food,plants,crops
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