OnJohnDonnesAValedictionForbiddingMourning文.docx
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OnJohnDonnesAValedictionForbiddingMourning文.docx
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OnJohnDonnesAValedictionForbiddingMourning文
OnJohnDonne'sAValedictionForbiddingMourning
【】JohnDonne'spoemisfullofmetaphysicalconceit.BasedononeofDonne'smosttypicalpoems:
AValediction:
ForbiddingMourning,thispapertriestoexplainDonne's
conceitbyusingShklovsky'stheoryofdefamiliarizationandanalyzethecharacteristicsofJohnDonne.
IUnderstandingofthePoem
ThetitleAvalediction:
ForbiddenMourning,perhapsitseemsalittlestrangeforareader.Avaledictionisaspeechorstatementmadeasafarewell;“Forbidding
Mourning”hereshowsaslighttragedycolor,probablyaskinghislovernottobesadormournforhisleavingforhisloveforherwouldneverchange.
Tohaveacompleteunderstandingofthispoem,wemusthavesomeknowledgeaboutJohnDonneandhispoetry.Donne'spoemsgiveamoreinherentlytheatricalimpressionbyexhibitingaseeminglyunfocuseddiversityofexperiencesandattitudes,andafreerangeoffeelingsandattitudes,afreerangeoffeelingsandmoods.Themodeisdynamicratherthanstatic,withingenuityofspeech,
vividnessofimageryandvitalityofrhythms,whichshowanotablecontrasttotheotherElizabethanlyricpoems,whicharepure,serene,tunefulandsmoothrunning.ThemoststrikingfeatherofDonne'spoetryispreciselyitstangofreality,inthesensethatitseemstoreflectlifeinarealratherthanapoeticalworld.
Thispoemiscomposedof9quatrainswitheachownsrhythm,usingafour-beat,iambictetrameterline;therhymeschemeforeachstanzaisanalternatea-b-a-b,andeachstanzaisgrammaticallyself-contained.
Thefirststanza“AsVirtuousmenpassmildlyaway”,whentheold,virtuous,high-respectedmendie,Godgentlyurgestheirsouls,theirspirittogo;theirfriendslookthisdifferently.HereDonneshowsthemetaphysicalidea:
TheirLove(heandhiswife)iscombinedasonejustlikesoulandbodyiscombinedinaperson,itisimpossibletoseparatethemapartfromsoulthoughthebodymaydecease.Themetaphoricalusagetheirsoulsrefertotheirlove.Itisinterestingthatthiskindofcommonfeelingsaslove,fear,death,andevenjealousyareexpressedinsuchawaythatseemsholyanddifficultandstrange,butitisofthetypicalfeatureofJohnDonne.
Inthenextstanza,“letusmelt”meansletourlovecombinedasone,letoursoulsmelttogether;and
“tear-floods”
meanstears
droplike
floods;
it
isakind
ofexaggerated
expression.
Donneasks
hiswife
don'tcry,
don'tsign,anddon'tlet
othershear“us”
in
casethey
profaneourlove;fortheyarelaity,theyarelaypeople,theydon'tunderstandwhattrueloveis.Theword“twere”means“itwere”,usuallyusedforthesubjunctivemood.Thustheirloveseemsdifferentfromothers.Butisthereanydifferencereally?
Idon'tthinkso,butheretheexpressionsmaketheirlovesoundsoinnocentandpureandholy.Thepoweroflanguageshowshere!
ThisisreallyPoetry,orwecansayliterariness.
“Movingofth'earth”meanstheearthquake;whenearthquakehappens,itdoesbringharmandfearstopeople,andpeopletrytoexplainthereason;butotherplanetsquake,theydonoharmbutonlystirfearamongpeople.Herehecomparestheirlovetothespheres(theotherplanetsexcepttheearth);thelaitycannotunderstandourloveastheydotothespheres'quake.AtDonnetime,peoplethoughtthatEarthwastheverycenteroftheuniverse;
falseasitis,yetwecanfeelDonne'sbroadsenseof
knowledge.WhatseemsstrangehereistherelationshipbetweenloveandEarthorthemovingofEarth.Isthereanyrelationshipbetweenthem?
Donne'simaginationissopowerfulthathecouldbindthemtogether.Theearthlylover'sloveinessenceisjustsenses,theycanonlyusetheirsensestolove;whenbeingawaytheycannotbear,cannotstandtheirseparation;butwecanfeeleachotherfromoursoul.Inordinarypeople'seyes,theseparation
oflovermeanstheycan'tfeelandcan'ttoucheachother,andwiththeseparation,theirlovewouldreduce.ButforDonne,hetreatedtheirlovesacredandnotthesameasothers'.Hereweshouldunderstandthatthereisnodifferencebetweentheirloveandothers',butheusedtheideatocomforthiswife.Thisisalsoakindofmetaphoricalusage,andalsoametaphysicalidea.
Stanza5iscloselyrelatedtostanza4,byusingthelinkwordbut,heshowsthattheirloveisnotanearthlyone,butrefinedandinterwoventogetheraseachofuswillnotknowexactlywhatisit;thereforetheydon'tcaremuchaboutthesense'stouchingaseyecontact,lipstouchingandhandsholding,etc⋯.Therefore,though“I”mustgo
awayfromyou,“I”willnotendurethebreakofourlove,foritexpandslikeapieceofgold,thinasitis,itwillneverbreak.Theword“ayery”isairy,meansextremelythin.HereDonneusesgoldasasimileormetaphortorefertolove;however,itisnotexactlysimileormetaphor,itisthemetaphysicalconceit.AndwecanfeelthatDonneandhiswifehavecometoakindofspiritualharmony,asiftheyhaveasoulcontractthatbindsthemtogether.MaybeDonnefavorsaPlato'sspirituallove;commonpeoplecouldn'tbearthiskindofdeparture.However,inDonne'scasethiskindofloveisthesupremeone.Andifthesoulsoftwoloversmustbetwo,theyaretwoinsuchawaythatasstiffasthetwolegsofacompass,yoursoulisjustlikethefixedfootofthecompassthatdonotmove,andmineanother;butifyoursmove,andminewillmovearoundyou.ThismeansIwillputmylove(mysoul)intoyouandwillneverchangemyloveforyou.Themetaphysicalmetaphoroflovetocompassisimpressive.Andthoughitsitsinthecentre,hereheusesthewordsitratherthansits;itshowsaconcessiveclause,yetonepartofthecompassmovesafar,theotherpartleanswithit;andwhenitgoeserect,theothercomesnear;thattheirlovewilllivewiththeirconcernabouteachother.Thecompassgivesusaconceptofaround,andthisremindsusofthescience-mainlyphysicsatthattime-theideathatuniversewasmainlyconsistedof“rounds”:
Earthwasroundandtheverycenteroftheuniverse,andotherplanetswereroundtoo,theyturnedaroundtheearth.Asafurtherunderstandingofthispoem,weshouldknowthataroundhasacenter;hereDonnecomparedhiswifetotheverycenter,andhimtheround;thoughhowfarhewent,hewouldcometoheratlast.Theconceithereisthemostimposingoneinthispoem.
Inthelaststanza,Donnegavepromisetohiswife,ensuringherthathewillbebackliketheothersideofthecompasswillcometothecenter.“Suchwillbeyouto
me,thoughImustgoawayfromyouatpresent,Iwillbebackliketheotherpartofthecompasswhenonepartruns
obliquely.”
IITheideabehindthepoem
Ifjustmakeaclosereadingofthispoemasabove,it
isnotenoughtogetthefullunderstandingofitstruemeaning;thebackgroundcontributestotheunderstandingofit.Donne'scontemporary,theEnglishwriterIsaacWalton,tellsusthepoemdatesfrom1611,whenDonne,abouttotraveltoFranceandGermany,wroteforhiswifethisvalediction,orfarewellspeechwhenshewaspregnant.Atthattimeherhealthwassoweakthathisleaveseemsafarewell.
Thecharacteristicofmetaphysicalpoemsisthatthey
combineintellectualsubtletywithgreatemotionalpower.Inthisone,weseethatDonnehaveabroadknowledgeofscienceandart,anditexpressesanintenseawarenessofcommonhumanfeelings-love,thoughhisconceptoftheuniverseisfalse.Hemadeexpertuseofsuchpoetictechniquesastheparadox,astatementthatseemscontradictorybutactuallycontainstruth,andtheconceit,apertinentcomparisonbetweentwoapparentlydissimilarthings.Loveisthebasictheme.Donneholdsthatthenatureofloveistheunionofsoulandbody,andtheoperationsofthesouldependonthebody,asinthispoem.
Apoetthinksbymeansofimages.Imagesinthispoemareeverywhere,suchasvirtuousmen,heavenlybodies,airythingold,twincompass,etc.Imagescannotonlybejustvisualones,butalsocanbeaudible,touchable,andevensensibleones.AsEzraPoundsaysthat“animageisthat
whichpresentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime”,theimagesinthismetaphysicalpoetrycausesomedifficultyinunderstandingforabundantsuperpositionofthemforDonnejuxtaposestheseirrelevantimages,twistingthemtogether.Theyarefabulousandtoophilosophicalforcommonreader,yettheyconveytheideastothefullestdegree.Thiscallsforthefullunderstandingoftheallusionsandthemetaphysicalideas.
Thereisametaphysicalconceitinmetaphysicalpoetry.Aconceitisacombinationofthoughtsorimagesthatarenotusuallyassociatedwithoneanother.Theterm“metaphysicalpoetry”isusedtodescribeacertaintypeof17thcenturypoetry.Thetermwasoriginallyintendedtobederogatory;Dryden,whosaidDonne“affectsthe
metaphysics,”wascriticizingDonneforbeingtooarcane.
SamuelJohnsonlaterusedtheterm“metaphysicalpoetry”todescribethespecificpoeticmethodusedbypoetslikeDonne.MetaphysicalpoetsaregenerallyinrebellionagainstthehighlyconventionalimageryoftheElizabethanlyric.Thepoemstendtobeintellectuallycomplex,and(accordingtotheHolmanHandbook),“expresshonestly,ifunconventionally,thepoet'ssenseofthecomplexities
andcontradictionsoflife.”Theverseoftensoundsroughincomparisontothesmoothconventionsofotherpoets;BenJonsononcesaidthatJohnDonne“deservedhanging”for
thewayheranroughshodoverconventionalrhythms.Theresultisthatthesepoemsoftenlacklyricsmoothness,buttheyinsteadusearuggedirregularmovementthatseemstosuitthecontentofth
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