英语教师的论文.docx
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英语教师的论文.docx
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英语教师的论文
TheConstructiveEffectofnaturaisminthetopicofThecallofthewild
九年一贯制学校
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Abstract:
NaturalismwasfirstproposedandformulatedbyFrenchnovelistEmileZola,anditwasintroducedtoAmericabyAmericannovelistFrankNorris.JackLondonisregardedasoneofthegreatestnaturalistnovelists.FromportrayingBuck'simagetorevealingtheformationanddevelopmentofthedog’scharacter,thenovelembodiesobviouslygeneticdeterminismandenvironmentaldeterminismadvocatedbyZola.HeshowshisphilosophyofnaturalismcompletelyinTheCalloftheWild.Darwin'stheoryof“thebigfisheatupthesmall,thefittestsurvive”isfullyexpressedthroughBuck'simage.ThisessayintendstodealwiththeapplicationofnaturalisminTheCalloftheWild,andtherebyseekabroaderunderstandingofnaturalistliteratureingeneral.
Keywords:
novelsofdogs;naturalism;JackLondon;TheCallofWild
Contents
一、Abstract…………………………………………………………………1
二、Introduction……………………………………………………………2
JackLondon'sLifeandHisNovels………………………………2
三、Outline
四.Body
(一)TheSummaryofTheCallofWild…………………………………9
(二)TheImplicationintheImageofBuck……………………………10
(三)TheControllingPowerofEnvironmentinTheCalloftheWild…11
(四)TheSocialRevelationsinTheCalloftheWild………………12
六、Conclusion……………………………………………………………16
七、References……………………………………………………………17
1.0Introduction
JackLondonwasoneofthemostpopularwritersofhistimeandhehasbeenregardedas“theguyofwritingdog'sstory”bymanyreaders.Hisanimalfictionsaredifferentfromtraditionalanimalliteratureoncharacter,themeandartisticstyle.Hisdogstoriesconstituteingreatmeasurehisclaimtofameasanimportantwriter
LiterarycriticismofJackLondonhasproliferatedsincethe1970s.Somecriticsappraisehisworksandsomeappraisehisperson;someanalyzehisworksasrealisticandsomeasnaturalistic;somecriticizehimasaproletarianwriterwhiletheotherspraisehimhighlyforthis.Londonisaparadoxicalfigureandthisisoneofthemanyreasonswhyheandhisworkshavebeenandarestillbeenstudiedthroughouttheworldincludinghisrichandcolorfuldescription,vividcharacterizationandaccuratepsychoanalysisofthecharactersinhisworks,especiallyofanimals.
JackLondonhasbeenintheforefrontofthemovetowardnaturalisticfictionandrealisminAmerica.HehasbeendeeplyinfluencedbyDarwin'sideasofconstantstruggleinnatureand“thesurvivalofthefittest”.Hissocialfictiongiveshimcredenceasaspokesmanfortheworkingclassbecauseofhisstrongsympathyforthepoor.Asafolkhero,Londonhasachievedapopularitywhich,alongwithMarkTwain,maymakehimapermanentfigureinAmericanmythology.Londonisalsoextremelypopularabroad,especiallyinEuropeandtheformerSovietUnion.London'sreputationasasolidcraftsman-especiallyofshortstorieshasnowbeenestablishedfirmly,evenamongliterarycriticsasmoreandmorecriticsfindLondon'sworksasubjectworthyofdiscussion.London'sworksareverypopularinChinaandtheyhavebeenpraisedandreadbymanyChinesepeopleuptothepresent.Besidesthevividcharacterizationandrichandcolorfuldescriptioninhisworks,hisfameinChinaisalsolinkedwithhisstatusasthespokesmanoftheworkingclassandhissympathiestowardsthedowntroddeninsuchworksasTheIronHeel(1907)andThePeopleoftheAbyss(1903).
Sincethe1970s,moreandmorestudiesonLondonandhisworkshaveappearedandthisgivesusagreatchancetoreadhim,understandhimandstudyhim.
Ingeneral,naturalismistheliterarymovementthatprovidesthebestcontextforJackLondon.Thethemeofnaturalisticnovelsisoftentheescapefromthecivilsociety.Astocknaturalisticdeviceinvolvestakingan“over-civilized”manfromthenormalsocietyintoaprimitiveenvironmentwherehemustlivebymuscleandwit.LondonusesthisdeviceinTheSea-Wolf,TheCalloftheWildandWhiteFang,althoughtheherointheanimalnovelsisadogorawolf.InthispaperImainlyanalyzetheinfluenceofenvironmentandheredityandchanceassubsidiaryproofofthenaturalisticelements.
2.0JackLondon'sLifeandHisNovels
JohnGriffithLondon(1876-1916)wasborninSanFranciscoofanunmarriedmotherFloraWellman.Florahadbeenstrickenbytyphusinhergirlhood,andafterwardsshewasunstableifnotunbalanced.HisfathermayhavebeenWilliamChaney,ajournalist,lawyer,andmajorfigureinthedevelopmentofAmericanastrology.Chaneywasverystrongandhadtheexperienceofsailingformanyyears.Hespentmuchtimeinwritingandreading.HerewecanseetheinfluenceofheredityonLondon.Healsohadastrongbuildandhelovedreadingverymuch.AthirstforknowledgesnatchedyoungLondonandhereadeverybookhecouldget.LondonwasveryambitiousthatwhenreadingOuida'sSigna,astoryofanItalianpeasant'srisetogloryasamusician.Hehadthethoughtthathecouldalsoreachhisgoalbyworkinghard.Londoninheritedtheparadoxicalcharacteristicsfromhismotherwhileheinheritedhisadventurousnaturefromhisfather.Hegotgreatinterestinadventureandhetookanychancetosailanddosomeriskythings.Inalltheexcitinganddangerousthings,whatJackwasmostlyinterestedinwashisdesiretoprovethathewasthegreatestwanderingprince.
Londongrewupinpovertyandworkedatvarioushardlaboringjobs.Realizingthathecouldneverbecomegreatbydoingoddjobsanddeterminedtopreparehimselfforbetterthancommonlabor,heattendedOaklandHighSchoolatagenineteen.TherehegotknownofMabel,sisterofoneofhisclassmates.MabelbecametheprototypeofRuthinLondon'smasterpieceMartinEden(1909).Alwaysaprolificreader,Londonconsciouslychosetobecomeawritertoescapefromthehorrificprospectsoflifeasafactoryworker.Hestudiedotherwritersandbegantosubmitstories,jokes,andpoemstovariouspublications,mostlywithoutsuccess.Healsoreadmanyphilosophicalbooksandhisphilosophicalthoughtsweregreatlyinfluencedbythefourgreatteachersofhim:
Darwin,Spencer,MarxandNietzsche.LondonbelievedinDarwin'sevolutionarytheoryof“survivalofthefittest”andalsoNietzsche'ssupermanism.Thesetheorieswerepresentedinmanyofhisnovels.
Londonwasratherdisappointedbyhisfailureingettingwhathehadwrittenpublishedandhewastiredofhardwork.Hedidn'tknowwheretogoandhowheshouldsucceedthenachancechangedhislife.“FatebroughthimtheanswerandgoldwasfoundinKlondike”(Pizer,1984).Spendingthewinterof1897intheYukonprovidedthemetaphoricalgoldforhisfirststories.Therehegotfamiliarwiththenorthernlifeandespeciallywithkindsofdogs.ThematerialshecollectedtherepreparedhimforthewritingofhistwofamousnovelsTheCalloftheWild(1903)andWhiteFang(1906)andhisotherearlyworksthatareaseriesofshortstoriescalled“northernstories”.MostofthemareadventurousstoriessetinaprimitiveenvironmentandtheyrelivethesceneofKlondikegoldrushanddescribethehardandmysteriouslifeofthegod-seekers,theirstrongwillandpersistenceinfightingwithnature,andalsoaseriesofconflictsamongthefellowmeninthewilderness,inthevalleyandinthehuts.
3.0Naturalism
Itseemsthatmanycananswerthequestionwhatanaturalistis,butfewcangivethetermaprecisedefinitionacceptabletoall.Webster'sDictionarygivesaconcisedefinition:
”Amadeofthought(religious,moralorphilosophical)glorifyingnatureandexcludingsupernaturalandspiritualelementscloseadherencetonatureinartorliterature,esp.(inliterature)thetechnique,chieflyassociatedwithZola,usedtopresentanaturalisticphilosophy,esp.byemphasizingtheeffectofheredityandenvironmentonhumannatureandaction”(TheWebster'sDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,1989:
p667).
AndinTheNewEncyclopaediaBritannica,wefindacomparativelymoredetaileddefinition:
Naturalism,late19thandearly20thcenturyaestheticmovement,inspiredbyadaptationoftheprinciplesandmethodsofnaturalscience,especiallytheDarwinianviewofnature,toliteratureandart.InliteratureitextendedthetraditionofRealism,aimingatanevenmorefaithful,unselectiverepresentationofreality,averitable"sliceoflife",presentedwithoutmoraljudgment.NaturalismdifferedfromRealisminitsassumptionofscientificdeterminism,whichlednaturalisticauthorstoemphasizeman'saccidental,physiologicalnatureratherthanhismoralorrationalequalities.Individualcharacterswereseenashelplessproductsofheredityandenvironment,motivatedbystronginstinctualdrivesfromwithin,andharassedbysocialandeconomicpressuresfromwithout.Assuch,theyhadlittlewillorresponsibilityfortheirfates,andtheprognosisfortheir"cases"waspessimisticattheoutset(TheNewEncyclopaediaBritannica,1993:
p559).
Inthe19thcentury,theindustrialrevolutionspreadovertheentirefaceofWesternEuropeandNorthAmerica.In1859,CharlesDarwin'sOntheOriginofSpecieswaspublishedandhistheoryofevolutionwasoneveryone'slips.Thescientificdiscoveriesgavepeopleofthatageanewwayofviewingandunderstandingthemselves.Darwin'sevolutionarytheorygavenaturalismitstheoreticalbasis.DonaldPizerpointsoutthatDarwin'sevolutionarytheoryisthecomparativelymostimportanttheorytonaturalism.“Darwin'sOntheOriginofSpecieswouldprovemoreimportantfornaturalism,thoughitcameoutasearlyas1859”(Pizer,2000:
27).
ButbeforeDarwin'sideaswereavailableinaliteraryform,theywerefirsttransformedbyEmileZola(1840-1902),theFrenchwriterandtheorist,inhisLeRomanexp
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