英语词汇学教程参考答案杨信彰.docx
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英语词汇学教程参考答案杨信彰.docx
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英语词汇学教程参考答案杨信彰
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案
Chapter1
1.Thethreedefinitionsagreethatlexicologystudieswords.Yet,theyhavedifferentfocuses.Definition1focusesonthemeaningandusesofwords,whiledefinition2ontheoverallstructureandhistory.Definition3regardslexicologyasabranchoflinguisticsandfocusesonthesemanticstructureofthelexicon.Itisinterestingtonotethatthethreedefinitionsusedifferentnamesfortheobjectofstudy.ForDefinition1,itiswords,forDefinition2thevocabularyofalanguage,andforDefinition3thelexicon.
2.
(1)Theycangointotheroom,andiftheylike,shutthedoor.
(2)Youboysarerequiredtogiveinyourhomeworkbefore10o’clock.
(3)Iwatchthefootballmatchhappilyandfinditveryinteresting.
3.
(1)Whenitfollows‘-t’and‘-d’,itispronouncedas[id];
(2)Whenitfollowsvoicelessconsonants,itispronouncedas[t];
(3)Whenitfollowsvoicedconsonantsandvowels,itispronouncedas[d].
4.
(1)Theyarewordsthatcanbeincludedinasemanticfieldof“tree”.
(2)Theyrepresenttheformsoftheverb“fly”andhaveacommonmeaning.
(3)Theybelongtoalexicalfieldof“telephonecommunication”.
(4)Theyaresynonyms,relatedtohumanvisualperception.Specifically,theydenotevariouskindsof“looking”.
5.(a)'blackboard:
aboardwithadarksmoothsurface,usedinschoolsforwritingwithchalk(theprimarystressinonblack);
'blackbird:
aparticularkindofbird,whichmaynotnecessarilybeblackincolor(theprimarystressinonblack);
'greyhound:
aslender,swiftdogwithkeensight(theprimarystressinonblack);
'WhiteHouse:
theresidenceoftheUSPresidentinWashington(theprimarystressinonblack).
(b)'black'board:
anyboardwhichisblackincolor(bothwordsreceiveprimarystress);
'black'bird:
anybirdwhichisblackincolor(bothwordsreceiveprimarystress);
'grey'hound:
anyhoundthatisgreyincolor(bothwordsreceiveprimarystress);
'white'house:
anyhousethatispaintedwhite(bothwordsreceiveprimarystress).
6.Thereare44orthographicwords,i.e.sequencesoflettersboundedbyspace.Thereare24openclasswordsand20closedclasswords.
7.(a)The‘bull’isliteral,referringtoamalebovineanimal.
(b)‘Takethebullbythehorn’isanidiom,meaning(havingthecourageto)dealwithsomeoneorsomethingdirectly.
(c)‘Likeabullinachinashop’isanidiom,meaningdoingsomethingwithtoomuchenthusiasmortooquicklyorcarelesslyinawaythatmaydamagethingsorupsetsomeone.
(d)A‘bullmarket’isonewherepricesrisefastbecausethereisalotofbuyingofsharesinanticipationofprofits.
8.drinkingvessels:
cup,mug,glass,tumbler,tankard,goblet,bowl,beaker,wineglass,beerglass,sherryglass
Theycanbeorganizedinanumberofways,forexample,bythedrinksthevesselisusedfor.
Non-alcoholic:
glass,tumbler,cup,mug,beaker,bowl
Beer:
beerglass,tankard
Wine:
wineglass,goblet
Spirits:
sherryglass
Chapter2
1.Lexemeisanabstractlinguisticunitwithdifferentvariants,forexample,singasagainstsang,sung.
Morphemeistheultimategrammaticalconstituent,thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Forexample,moralizersisanEnglishwordcomposedoffourmorphemes:
moral+lize+er+s.
Anyconcreterealizationofamorphemeinagivenutteranceiscalledamorph,suchascat,chair,-ing,-s,etc.
Allomorphsarethealternatephoneticformsofthesamemorpheme,forexample,[t],[d]and[id]areallomorphsofthepasttensemorphemeinEnglish.
2.quick-ly,down-stair-s,four-th,poison-ous,weak-en,
world-wide,inter-nation-al-ly,in-ject,pro-trude
3.island,surname,disclose,duckling,cranberry,
reading,poets,flavourfulness,famous,subvert
4.(a)[?
]
(b)[-ai]
5.
(1)-’s,-s
(2)-est,-s
(3)-ing
(4)-ed
6.Theconnotationsareasfollows:
(1)slang,carryingtheconnotationofreluctance,
(2)informal,carryingtheconnotationthatthespeakerisspeakingtoachild,(3)beastieisusedtoasmallanimalinScotland,carryingtheconnotationofdisgust,(4)carryingtheconnotationofformalness,(5)carryingtheconnotationoflight-heartedness.
7.{-?
m;~-n;~-n;~-i:
~-s;~-z;~-iz}
8.court:
polysemydart:
polysemy
fleet:
homonymyjam:
homonymy
pad:
homonymysteep:
homonymy
stem:
homonymystuff:
polysemy
watch:
polysemy
9.
(1)—(f),
(2)—(g),(3)—(c),(4)—(e),(5)—(a),(6)—(d),(7)—(b)
10.
(1)unpractical
(2)break
(3)impractical
(4)rout
(5)pedals
(6)Route
(7)raze
Chapter3
1.ThehistoryofEnglishcanbedividedintofourperiods:
theOld,Middle,EarlymiddleandModernEnglishperiods.
InOldEnglishperiod,thereisafrequentuseofcoinagesknownas‘kennings’,whichreferstovividfigurativedescriptionsofteninvolvingcompounds.Theabsenceofawide-rangingvocabularyofloanwordsforcepeopletorelymoreonword-formationprocessesbasedonnativeelements.ThelatterperiodofOldEnglishwascharacterizedbytheintroductionofanumberof‘loantranslations’.GrammaticalrelationshipsinOldEnglishwereexpressedbytheuseofinflectionalendings.AndOldEnglishisbelievedtocontainabout24,000differentlexicalitems.
InMiddleEnglishperiod,Englishgrammarandvocabularychangedgreatly.Ingrammar,Englishchangedfromahighlyinflectedlanguagetoananalyticlanguage.InvocabularyEnglishwascharacterizedbythelossofalargepartoftheOldEnglishword-stockandtheadditionofthousandsofwordsfromFrenchandLatin.
InEarlyModernEnglishperiod,Englishvocabularygrewveryfastthroughextensiveborrowingandexpansionofword-formationpatterns.Andtherewasagreatmanysemanticchanges,asoldwordsacquirenewmeanings.
ModernEnglishischaracterizedwiththreemainfeaturesofunprecedentedgrowthofscientificvocabulary,theassertionofAmericanEnglishasadominantvarietyofthelanguage,andtheemergenceofothervarietiesknownas‘NewEnglishes’.
2.“appeareth”in(a)becomes“appeared”in(b),and“dreame”becomes“dream”.Thepassive“weredeparted”becomestheactive“hadgone”.Withthechangeofwordforms,(b)lookssimplemorphologically.
3.barf:
Americanslangkerchief:
Frenchmutton:
French
cadaver:
Latingoober:
Kongoleviathan:
Latin
ginseng:
Chinesetaffy:
NorthAmericankimono:
Japanese
whisky:
Irishcaddy:
Malaysphere:
Latin
algebra:
Arabicgiraffe:
African
4.train:
meaningchangedfromthetrailingpartofagowntoawiderangeofextendedmeanings.
deer:
meaningnarrowedfrom‘beast’or‘animal’to‘aparticularkindofanimal’
knight:
meaningamelioratedfrom‘boy,manservant’to‘amanintheUKwhohasbeengivenanhonorofknighthood’
meat:
meaningnarroweddownfrom‘food’to‘theediblefleshofanimalsandtheediblepartoffruit’.
hose:
meaningextendedfrom‘legcovering’to‘alongtubeforcarryingwater’.
5.sell:
specializedhound:
specialized
starve:
specializedwife:
specialized
loaf:
specialized
6.
AmericanEnglish
BritishEnglish
Fall
Autumn
candy
sweet
corn
Maize
semester
term
apartment
flat
Dresser
Dressingtable
Streetcar
Tramcar
Chapter4
1.read+-i+-nessdis-+courage+-ingkind+heart+-ed
un-+doubt+-ed+-lystock+room+-spre-+pack+-age+-ed
2.book:
books(n.);books(v.),booking,booked
forget:
forgets,forgot,forgotten
short:
shortter,shortest
snap:
snaps,snapping,snapped
take:
takes,taking,took,taken
goose:
geese
heavy:
heavier,heaviest
3.-ish:
meaning‘havingthenatureof,like’
de-:
meaning‘theoppositeof’
-ify:
meaning‘make,become’
-dom:
means‘thestateof’
il-(im-/in-):
meaning‘theoppositeof,not’
-able:
meaning‘thatcanormustbe’
mis-:
meaning‘wronglyorbadly’
-sion(-tion):
meaning‘thestate/processof’
pre-:
meaning‘priorto’
-ment:
meaning‘theactionof’
re-:
meaning‘again’
under-:
meaning‘notenough’
-al:
meaning‘theprocessorstateof’
4.a.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“Adj+N”structure,inwhichadjectivesareusedtomodifynouns‘line,line,neck,room’.Hotlinemeans‘atelephonenumberthatpeoplecancallforinformation’.Mainlinemeans‘animportantrailwaylinebetweentwocities’.Redneckmeans‘apersonfromthesouthernUS’.Darkroommeans‘aroomwithverylittleinit,usedfordevelopingphotographs’.
b.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“N+N’structure.Bookshelfmeans‘ashelfforkeepingbooks’.Breadbasketmeans‘acontainerforservingbread’.Mailboxmeans‘aboxforputtinglettersinwhentheydeliveredtoahouse’.Wineglassmeans‘aglassfordrinkingwine’.
c.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“N+N’structure.Letterheadmeans‘theheadofaletter(i.e.thenameandaddressofanorganizationprintedatthetopofaletter)’.Roadsidemeans‘theareaatthesideofaroad’.Keyholemeans‘theholeinalockforputtingthekeyin’.Hilltopmeans‘thetopofahill’.
d.Theyareexocentriccompounds.Dropoutmeans‘apersonwholeavesschoolbeforetheyhavefinishedtheirstudies.Go-betweenmeans‘apersonwhotakesmessagesbetweenpeople’.Turnoutmeans‘thenumberofpeoplewhocometoanevent’.Standbymeans‘apersonorthingthatcanalwaysbeusedifneeded’.
e.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“Adj+N-ed”structure,inwhichadjectivesareusedtomodifytheN-ed.
f.Theyareendocentriccompounds.Theyhavethe“N+Adj”structure,meaningAsAdjAsN.
5.in-:
not,theoppositeof
en-:
toputintotheconditionof
dis-:
not,theoppositeof
un-:
not,theoppositeof
inter-:
between,among
mis-:
wronglyorbadly
over-:
toomuch
re-:
again
post-:
after
6.a.ayoungdog;piglet
b.afemaleeditor;hostess
c.aplaceforbookingtickets;refinery
d.onewhoiskicked;trainee
e.th
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