助力高考英语 任务型阅读专项特训5.docx

助力高考英语 任务型阅读专项特训5.docx

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助力高考英语任务型阅读专项特训5

【助力2014】高考英语任务型阅读专项特训（5）

（1）

Zebrashavetheirownbugrepellent（驱虫剂）?

Ewwbugs!

Theyaresoannoying!

Wehumansareluckythatwecanapplyrepellentstoavoidnastybites.Butwhat’sananimaltodo?

Theyhavenochoicebuttospendtheirdaysshooingthemoffwiththeirtails,unless,ofcourse,theyarezebras,whoapparentlyhavetheirownautomaticrepellent---theirstripedskin!

ScientistshadoriginallythoughtthatthereasonwhytheanimalhaddevelopedtheblackandwhitelineswastohelpprotectitselffrompredatorsintheAfricansavannah,becausethestripesmakeitdifficulttosingleoutonezebrathatistravelingwithaherd.Whilethatmaybetrue,thetheoryhasneverbeentestedorproven.Nowtheexpertshaveanother---thatthestripeshaveevolvedtorepeltheannoyinghorsefliesthatnotonlyfeedofftheirblood,butals

o,transmitdangerousgermsintothebodiesoftheseinnocentanimals.

ThestudywasperformedbyateamofSwedishscientists.Oneofthecluesthatgotthemthinkingalongtheselineswasthefactthatdarkerhorsesgotbittenmoreoftenthanlight-coloredorwhiteones.

Thefactthatzebrasarebornblackandonlydevelopstripsastheygrowoldermadethescientiststheorizethatthestripesmaybesomethingtheanimalshavedevelopedtomakethemselveslessattractivetoflies.

Totestifthismaybethecase,theypaintedsomeboardsatahorse-infestedhorsefarminBudapestwithpattensofblackandwhitestripesofvaryingwidthsandappliedalayerofglueonthem.Whattheynoticedwasthattheplaceswheretheblackandwhitestripeswereattheirnarrowest（similartowhatzebrashave）attractedthefewestflies.Theyachievedsimilarresultswhentheypaintedhorseswithblackandwhitezebra-likestripes.

Whiletheresearcharenotsurewhythismaybethecase,theybelieveitmaybesomethingtodowiththewayinsectsoperate---horsefliesareattractedtohorizontallypolarizedlight（偏振光）;sincewhitedoesnotreflectit,whitehorsesareluckierthanblackones.Butzebrasseemtobetheluckiestofall.Whentheresearchersmeasuredthepolarizedlightreflectedfromrealzebraskins,theyfoundthatitmatchedlightpattensthatweretheleastattractivetohorseflies.

Whilethistheorydoesmakelogicalsense,nobodyis100percentsurethatitisreallytrue,giventhatithasneverbeentestedonarealzebra.Ifitistrue,itdoesraisethequestionofwhyahorse,acloserelativeofthezebrahasfailedtodevelopstripes.TheresearchersbelievethatthiscouldbebecausetherearemorehorsefliesinAfrica,wherezebrasreside,thenanywhereelseintheworld.

Title

Zebrashavetheirownbugrepellent?

Reasonsforzebrasdevelopingtheirstrips

Originalbelief

Withtheblackandwhitelines,onezebraisdifficulttosingleoutwhiletravelingwithaherd,thus___1___itfromitsenemies.

Newtheory

Zebras,residinginAfricawheretherearemosthorsefliesintheworld,havedevelopedstripstoavoidbeing___2____.

Astudy

Researchers

Ateamofscientistsfrom___3____

____4____

Totestifstripsaredevelopedtomakezebraslessattractivetoflies.

Clues

*Whiteorlight-coloredhorsesareless__5___togetbittenthandarkones.

*Zebrasdevelopstripsastheygrowolderthoughbornblack.

Method

*Someboardsatahorsefarmarepaintedwithpattensofblackandwhitestripes___6___wide,alayerofglueappliedonthem

*Measuredthepolarizedlightreflectedfromrealzebraskins

_____7____

*Theplaceswheretheblackandwhitestripesweresimilartothe___8___zebrashaveattractedthefewestflies

*Stripsofzebrasmatchedlightpattensthatweretheleastattractivetohorseflies

Principleofzebras’blackandwhitestripsrepellingtheflies

Horizontallypolarizedlight,whichwhitedoesnotreflect,____9___tohorseflies.

Conclusion

____10___testedonrealzebras,thetheoryisn’tdefinitelytrue.

Possibleanswers:

1.protecting2.attacked3.Sweden4.Purpose5.likely

●variously7.Findings8.ones9.appeals10.Unless

（2）

Thenewyear'sjustbegunandalreadyyou'refindingithardtokeepthoseresolutionstojunkthejunkfood,getoffthecouchorkicksmoking.There'sabiologicalreasonalotofourbadhabitsaresohardtobreak–theygetdeep-rootedinourbrains.

That'snotanexcusetogiveup.Understandinghowunhealthybehaviorsbecomedeep-rootedhasscientistslearningsometricksthatmayhelpgoodhabitsreplacethebad."Whyarebadhabitsstronger?

You'refightingagainstthepowerofanimmediatereward,Weallascreaturesarehard-wiredthatway,togivegreatervaluetoanimmediaterewardthansomethingthat’sdelayed."saysDr.NoraVolkow,directoroftheNationalInstituteonDrugAbuse.

Justhowthatbitofhappinessturnsintoahabitinvolvesapleasure-sensingchemicalnameddopamine（多巴胺）.Itconditionsthebraintowantthatrewardagainandagain–increasingtheconnectioneachtime–especiallywhenitgetstherightcue（暗示）fromyourenvironment.

Peopletendtooverestimatetheirabilitytoresisttemptationsaroundthem,thusdestroyingattemptstogetridofbadhabits,Evenscientistswhorecognizeitfindithardtoresist."Idon'tlikepopcorn.ButeverytimeIgotothecinema,Ihavetoeatit,"Volkowsays."It'sfascinating."

Amovementtopaypeopleforbehaviorchangesmayexploitthatconnection,assomecompaniesofferemployeesoutrightpaymentsorinsurancerebatesforadoptingbetterhabits.Howeverpayingforbehaviorplaysout,researcherssaytherearesomestepsthatmayhelpcounteryourbrain'sholdonbadhabits:

repeat,repeat,repeatthenewbehavior–thesameroutineatthesametimeofday.Determinedtoexercise?

Doingitatthesametimeofthemorning,ratherthanfittingitinhaphazardly,makesthebrainrecognizethehabitsoeventually.Ifyoudon'tdoit,youfeelaw

ful,Exerciseitselfraisesdopaminelevels,soeventuallyyourbrainwillgetafeel-goodhitevenifyourmusclesprotest.Rewardyourselfwithsomethingyoureallydesire,Volkowstresses.Youexercisedallweek?

Stucktoyourdiet?

Buyabook,agreatpairofjeans,ortryafancyrestaurant-saferperhapsthanaboxofcookiesbecausethepriceinhibitsthequantity.

Topic

____1___speaking,badhabitsarehardtobreakastheyarerooteddeeplyinourbrains.

Howunhealthybehaviorsbecomedeep-rooted

Allcreatures,includinghumans,havea___2____foranimmediaterewardratherthanwhatisdelayed.

Dopamineconditionsthebraintowantthatreward____3____,turningthatbitofhappinessintoahabit.

Peopleareusuallyunlikelytobe___4____totemptations,thusfailingtogetridofbadhabits.

Howistheconnectiontaken____5_____of

Theknowledgemotivatesscientiststocreatesometricksgettingbadhabitstomake___6____forthegoodones.

Amovement

Companiesrewardemployeesfor____7___upbetterhabits

Stepstohelp____8____badhabits

*Repeatthenewbehaviourata_

__9___timedaily,makingthebrainrecognizethehabiteventually.

*Rewardyourselfwithwhatyouarereally__10___for

Possibleanswers:

1.Biologically2.preference3.repeatedly4.resistant5.advantage

6.way7.picking8.kick/break/drop9.fixed10.desperate/eager/dying

　（3）

AnEventofImagination

Theyearis2094.IthasbeenannouncedthatacometisheadingtowardstheEarth.Mostofitwillmissourplanet,buttwopieceswillprobablyhitthesouthernhalfoftheEarth.

On17July,apiecefourkilometerswideenterstheEarth'satmospherewithamassiveexplosion.Abouthalfofthepieceisdestroyed,buttheremainingparthitstheSouthAtlanticat200timesthespeedofsound.Theseaboilsandahugeholeismadeintheseabed.Hugewavesarecreatedandspreadoutwardsfromthehole.Thewallofwater,akilometerhigh,rushestowardssouthernAfricaat800kilometersanhour.CitiesontheAfricancoastaretotallydestroyedandmillionsofpeoplearedrowned.BeforethewavesreachSouthAmerica,thesecondpieceofthecometlandsinArgentina.

EarthquakesandvolcanoesaresetoffintheAndesMountains.TheshockwavesmovenorthintoCaliforniaandallaroundthePacificOcean.ThecitiesofLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandTokyoarecompletelydestroyedbyearthquakes.Millionsofpeopleinthesouthernhalfoftheeartharealreadydead,butthenorthwon'tescapeforlong.Becauseoftheexplosions,thesunishiddenbycloudsofdust,andtemperaturearoundtheworldfallstoalmostzero.Cropsareruined.Thesunwon'tbeseenagainformanyyears.Warsbreakoutascountriesfightforfood.Ayearlater,nomorethan10millionremainalive.

Coulditreallyhappen?

Infact,ithasalreadyhappenedmorethanonceinthehistoryoftheEarth.Thedinosaurs（恐龙）wereontheEarthforover160millionyears.Then65millionyearsagotheysuddenlydisappeared.ManyscientistsbelievethattheEarthwashitbyapieceofobjectinspace.Thedinosaurscouldn'tlivethroughthecoldclimatethatfollowedandtheydiedout.Willwemeetthesameend?

请根据以上文章，完成下列表格：

____1_____

Results

TheremainingparthitstheSouthAtlantic200timesas__2___assound.

Theseaboilsandahugeholeismadeintheseabed,from__3____hugewavesarecreatedandspreadoutwards,.Atsunami（海啸）hitssouthernAfrica,citiesontheAfricancities___4___andmillionsofpeople__5____.

Onepieceofcometfourkilometersin__6__enterstheEarth'satmosphere,__7___inamassiveexplosion.

Cloudsofdust___8___thesunandthetemperaturefallstoalmostzero,___9__crops.Warsbreakoutforfoodandonly10millionpeopleremain.Thedinosaurscouldn'tlivethroughthe__10____co

ldclimateandtheydiedout.

1.Reasons2.fast3.which4.destroyed5.drowned

6.wid