2Hour Lecture on Scientific Writing.docx
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2Hour Lecture on Scientific Writing.docx
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2HourLectureonScientificWriting
2-HourLectureonScientificWriting
byDrRQZheng
PekingUniversity
November2002
Today,IamgoingtotalkaboutScientificWriting,asGaoyuanandIdiscussedearlier.However,ScientificWritingissuchabigissue,thatwecertainlycannotfinishitwithinoneortwoclasses,orevenwithinasemester.Uponmyunderstanding,almosteveryuniversityintheUnitedStateswilloffercoursesrelatedtotechnicalwritingsduringundergraduateeducation.AlthoughImyselfreceivedmyPh.D.degreeinAmerica,Ihadnottakensuchclasses.SowhatIamgoingtoteachtodayismostlybasedonmyexperienceinwritingpapersanddissertation,andonsomeofmyreadings.Iwillonlyintroducesomebasicideas,giveyousomesimpleexamples,andprovideageneralguide.Well,Iwishafterthistime,youwouldstarttopayattentiontowritingonceyougetchancetoread,towriteoreventolistento.
Iknow,manyofyouwillcontinueyoureducationafterthe4-years’undergraduatelife.StudentswhowanttogetamasterorPh.D.degree,forexample,atPekingUniversitywillberequiredtopublishyourresearchresults.Evenifthisisnotthecase,youcannotavoidwritinginyourfuturework.Becauseyouarestudyingchemistry,todayIwillmostlyintroduceACSstyleintechnicalwriting,whereACSistheabbreviationofAmericanChemicalSociety.
1)
Concerningthewritingofascientificpaper,specificguidelinefortextlength,preparationoffiguresandtables,andinstructionsonhowtosubmityourpaperdifferfromjournaltojournalandpublishertopublisher.ForACSjournalsandspecialpublications,readtheGuide,Notes,Notices,orInstructionsforAuthorsthatappearineachpublication’sfirstissueoftheyearandontheWorldWideWebathttp:
//pubs.acs.org.
WritingaScientificPaper
Guide,Notes,Notices,orInstructionsforAuthors
http:
//pubs.acs.org
2)
Althoughthereisnofixedsetof“writingrules”tobefollowedlikeacookbookrecipeoranexperimentalprocedure,someguidelinescanbehelpful.Let’sstartbyansweringsomequestions:
Whatisthefunctionorpurposeofthispaper?
----Areyoudescribingoriginalresearchresults?
----Areyoureviewingtheliterature?
----Somethingelse?
Howisyourworkdifferentfromthatdescribedinotherreportsonthesamesubject?
Unlessyouarewritingareview,besurethatyourpaperwillmakeanoriginalcontribution.Somepublishers,includingACS,donotpublishpreviouslypublishedmaterial.
Whatisthebestplaceforthispapertobepublished?
Whoistheaudience?
Answeringthesequestionswillclarifyyourgoalsandthusmakeiteasierforyoutowritethepaper.
3)
StandardFormat
Hereshowsanexampleofstandardformatwhenyouorganizeyourmaterialintoapaper.InthesectionofIntroductionorBackground,youmayintroducewhyyouchooseyourresearchtopic,whathavebeendonebyothersinthisfield;thencomeswithexperimentaldetailsortheoreticalbasis,whereyouintroducehowtodoyourexperimentsorhowtocalculateinyourstudy;followedbyresultsanddiscussion,whicharethemainbodyofthepaper;Finally,gotoconclusions.
Thisformathasbecomestandardbecauseitissuitableformostreportsoforiginalresearch.Itisbasicallylogical,anditiseasytouse.Moreimportantly,itparallelsthescientificmethodofdeductivereasoning:
definetheproblem,createahypothesis,deviseanexperimenttotestthehypothesis,conducttheexperiment,anddrawconclusions.Furthermore,thisformatenablesreaderstounderstandquicklywhatisbeingpresentedandtofindscientificinformationeasily.
4)
ComponentsofaPaper
Let’sgomoredetailsofthisformat.Thistransparencyshowsthecomponentsofapaper.
Title:
Thetitlemustbebrieflyandgrammaticallycorrectbutaccurateandcompleteenoughtostayalone.1)Atwo-orthree-wordtitlemaybetooshort,buta14-or15-worldtitleisunnecessarilylong.2)Avoidphrasessuchas“onthe”,“asudyof”,“researchon”,“reporton”,“regarding”,and“useof”.3)Inmostcases,omit“the”atthebeginningofthetitle.4)Spelloutalltermsintitle,andavoidsymbols,formulas,andabbreviations.5)Serioustitlesareoflittlevalue.Somepublishersdonotpermitthematall.6)Ifyoucannotcreateatitlethatisshort,considerbreakingitintotitleandsubtitle.
BylineandAffiliation
Byline:
1)Includeinthebylineallthose,andonlythose,whomadesubstantialcontributionstothework,evenifthepaperwasactuallywrittenbyonlyoneperson.2)Useyourfirstname,initial,andsurnameofeachauthorasrequestedbypublications.ManyACSpublicationsrequestatleastonefullgivennameforeachauthor,ratherthanonlyinitials.3)Donotincludeprofessional,religious,orofficialtitlesoracademicdegrees.
Affiliation:
Affiliationistheinstitutionatwhichtheworkwasconducted.Ifthereismorethanoneauthor,useanasteriskorsuperscripttoindicatetheauthortowhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed.Thispersonisusuallyyourboss,andheisfullyresponsibleforthepaper.Forexample,hewillsubmitthepaper,writetoeditors,answerthequestionsraisedbyreviewers,andrevisethepaperassuggested.
5)
Abstract:
Mostpublicationsrequireaninformativeabstractforeverypaper,eveniftheydonotpublishabstracts.Foraresearchpaper,brieflystatetheproblemorthepurposeoftheresearch,indicatethetheoreticalorexperimentalplanused,summarizetheprincipalfindings,andpointoutmajorconclusions.Theabstractallowsareadertodeterminethenatureandscopeofthepaper,andhelpseditorsidentifykeyfeaturesforindexing.Sometips:
1)Theoptimallengthisoneparagraph,andbetween80and200wordsisusuallyadequate.2)Donotcitereferences,tables,figuresintheabstract.Donotincludeequations,schemes,orstructuresthatrequiredisplayonalineseparatefromthetext.3)Useabbreviationsonlywhenitisnecessary.Defineabbreviationintheabstract(andagainatfirstuseinthetext).
Introductions:
Agoodintroductionisaclearstatementoftheproblemorprojectandthereasonsthatyouarestudyingit.Thebodyoftheintroductionpartusuallycontainsthefollowingcontents:
1)togiveaconciseandappropriatebackgrounddiscussionoftheproblemandalsothesignificance,scopeandlimitsofyourwork;2)tooutlinepreciousworkbycitingpertinentliterature;3)tostatehowyourworkdiffersfromorisrelatedtoworkpreviouslypublished,andthecontinuityfromtheperviousworktoyours.
6)
ExperimentalDetailsorTheoreticalBasis:
Thissectionmayowndifferentnamessuchas“experimentalmethods”,“experimentalsection”,or“materialsandmethods”,and“theoreticalcalculations”,dependingonspecificjournalsorpublications.Inthissection,youneedtogivesufficientdetailsaboutyourmaterialsandmethodssothatotherscanrepeatyourworkandobtaincomparableresults.
Whatweusuallydointhispartisoutlinedhere:
1)Identifythematerialsused,butdonotreferencestandardlabreagents;
2)Givethechemicalnamesofallcompoundsandthechemicalformulasofcompoundsthatarenewanduncommon;
3)Describeapparatusonlyifitisnotstandardornotcommerciallyavailable;
4)Describetheproceduresused,unlesstheyareestablishedandstandard;
5)Noteandemphasizeanyhazards,andincludeprecautionaryhandlingdetailsandsafetymeasurements;
6)Intheoreticalreports,includeallbackgrounddata,equations,andformulasnecessarytothearguments,butnotlengthyderivations,whichmaybepresentedasSupportingInformation.
7)
ResultsandDiscussion
ResultsandDiscussioncanbepresentedeitherastwoseparatesectionsorasonecombinedsection.InthesectionofResults,youneedtosummarizethedatacollected.Ifnecessary,includeequations,figures,andtablesforclarityandbrevity.
Thepurposeofthediscussionistointerpretandcomparetheresults.Inthissection,youneedtorelateyourresultstoyouroriginalpurposeinundertakingtheproject:
Haveyouresolvedtheproblem?
Whatexactlyhaveyoucontributed?
Youmayalsosuggestfurtherstudyinthissection.Usually,ResultsandDiscussionarethemostimportantcomponentsofapaper.
8)
ConclusionsandSummary
Thepurposeoftheconclusionistoputtheinterpretationintothecontextoftheoriginalproblem.Donotrepeatdiscussionpointsorincludeirrelevantmaterial.Andyourconclusionsshouldbebasedontheevidencepresented.
Thefunctionofsummaryissimilartothatofconclusions.Asummaryisunnecessaryinmostpapers.However,inlongpapers,asummaryofthemainpointscanbehelpful.Keepinmindthatasummaryshouldbeshort.
9)
Acknowledgments
Generally,thelastparagraphofthepaperistheplacetoacknowledgepeople,organizations,andfinancing.Doitassimpleaspossible.Itisimportanttofollowthejournal’sguidelinesonwhattoincludeintheAcknowledgmentssection.
References
InACSbooksandmostjournals,thestyleandcontentofreferencedarestandard.So,youneedtofollowthereferencestyle.Thebestwayistocheckthejournalyouliketopublishyourpaper.
SpecialSectionsandSupportingInformation
SpecialSectionsandSupportingInformationarenotrequiredsectionsinmanyjournals.However,ifyouhavelargetables,extensivefigures,lengthyexperimentalprocedures,mathematicalderivations,analyticalandspectralcharacterizationdataandsoon,youmayincludetheseinthesectionofSupportinginformation.
10)
WritingStyleandWordUsage
Now,wehavehadtoomuchforthecomponentsofapaper.Ithas7slidesalready.Let’schangeatopic,shiftawayfromthecomponentsofapaper,andgotowrit
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