民间艺术英文.docx
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民间艺术英文.docx
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民间艺术英文
Cloisonné
Briefintroduction
Cloisonnéisanancienttechniquefordecoratingmetalworkobjects,inrecentcenturiesusingvitreousenamel,andinolderperiodsalsoinlaysofcutgemstones,glass,andothermaterials、Theresultingobjectscanalsobecalledcloisonné、Thedecorationisformedbyfirstaddingcompartments(cloisonsinFrench)tothemetalobjectbysolderingoraffixingsilverorgoldwiresorthinstripsplacedontheiredges、Theseremainvisibleinthefinishedpiece,separatingthedifferentcompartmentsoftheenamelorinlays,whichareoftenofseveralcolors、Cloisonnéenamelobjectsareworkedonwithenamelpowdermadeintoapaste,whichthenneedstobefiredinakiln、
Development
Thetechniquewasinancienttimesmostlyusedforjewelleryandsmallfittingsforclothes,weaponsorsimilarsmallobjectsdecoratedwithgeometricorschematicdesigns,withthickcloisonwalls、IntheByzantineEmpiretechniquesusingthinnerwiresweredevelopedtoallowmorepictorialimagestobeproduced,mostlyusedforreligiousimagesandjewellery,andbythenalwaysusingenamel、Bythe14thcenturythisenameltechniquehadspreadtoChina,whereitwassoonusedformuchlargervesselssuchasbowlsandvases;thetechniqueremainscommoninChinatothepresentday,andcloisonnéenamelobjectsusingChinese-derivedstyleswereproducedintheWestfromthe18thcentury、
Examples
Enamel
The8th-centuryIrishArdaghChalice
TheAlfredJewel,a9th-centuryAnglo-Saxonornament
TheKhakhulitriptych,alargegoldaltarpiecewithover100GeorgianandByzantineplaques,datingfromthe8thto12thcenturies,saidtobethelargestenamelledworkofartintheworld、
theeyesofthe10thcenturyGoldenMadonnaofEssen
The12thcenturyMosanStavelotTriptych,combiningcloisonnéandchamplevéwork、
Gemsandglass
ThePectoralofTutankhamun,(image),andseveralothers、
The5thcenturygravegoodsofChildericI,lastpagankingoftheFranks,diedc、481
The5th-centuryGermanicTreasureofPouan
The6th-centuryMerovingianTreasureofGourdon
Pictures
MingDynastycloisonnéenamelbowl,usingninecolorsofenamel、
Chinesecloisonnéenamelincenseburner,17th-18thcenturies
Addingfritwithdropperaftersinteringcloisons、Uponcompletionthepiecewillbefired,thenground(repeatingasnecessary)thenpolishedandelectroplated
NewYearpictures
Briefintroduction
ANewYearPictureisapopularBanhuainChina、ItisaformofChinesecoloredwoodblockprint,fordecorationduringtheChineseNewYearHoliday,thenlaterusedtodepictcurrentevents、
Development
ItsoriginalformwasapictureofadoorgodfashionedduringtheTangdynasty、Later,moresubjects,suchasfairs,theKitchenGod,womenandbabieswereincluded、Customarily,aseachChineseNewYeararrives,everyfamilyreplacesitsNewYearpictureinorderto"saygoodbyetothePastandwelcometheFuture"、
Inthe19thcenturyNianhuaweremass-producedanddisplayedforthosewhocouldnotread、TheyoftendepictedtheChinesepointofviewofevents、
Thescenessometimeswereusedtocreatepatrioticsentiment、ManyNianhuawereproducedduringtheBoxerRebelliondepictingtheMuslimKansuBraveforcesofGeneralDongFuxiang,showingthemasvictoriousovertheEightNationAllianceofthewesternpowersandJapan、
Astimeschanged,people,especiallythoseincities,wereinfluencedbymodernartstoseeNewYearPicturesastraditionalandstaid、Moreover,peopleconsideredthedoorgodwastoomenacingtohangintheirhomes、Theywantedsomethingmoreartistic、Atthemiddleofthe1980s,thesalesamountofNewYearPicturesinMianzhuwasaroundfivehundredthousand、However,thenumberdroppedsharplysincetheearly1990s、
ProductionMethod
Productionmethod:
handdrawspictures,woodprinting,watermarkstrapping,Half-drawingandhalf-painting,lithography,offsetprintingandsoon、
Usually,ChromaticwoodblockNewYearpictureshavefoursteps:
Firstly,artistdrawroughsketchonthepaper
Secondly,carvingtheroughsketchonthewoodboardandprintfewsample
Thirdly,addcoloronthesampleandcarvingcouplecolormemeforeachpartofcoloronthesample、(Usuallynomorethan5color)
Finally,whenthepreparationiscomplete、Theprinterpaintcoloronthecolorboardbeforecarved,thenputpaperonthewoodboardandusebrushtoflatbrushthepaper、ThentheChromaticwoodblockNewYearpictureiscomplete、
Theme
NewYearpicture'scontentcanhavemanythingsandthatismorethan2000different、ButroughlytheNewYearpictureshavefourmainmemes、
1、Thegodsandmascot
2、Thesecularlife
3、Thebabyandbeauty
4、Thestoryandmyth
Pictures
NewYearpictureofQingDynasty
Chang'eFlyingtotheMoon、WuShaoyun、1950、
Papercutting
Briefintroduction
Papercuttingistheartofcuttingpaperdesigns、Thearthasevolveduniquelyallovertheworldtoadapttodifferentculturalstyles、
Development
Theoldestsurvivingpapercutoutisasymmetricalcirclefromthe6thcenturySixDynastiesperiodfoundinXinjiangChina、PapercuttingcontinuedtobepracticedduringtheSongandTangDynastiesasapopularformofdecorativeart、
BytheeighthorninthcenturypapercuttingappearedinWestAsiaandinTurkeyinthe16thcentury、Withinacentury,papercuttingwasbeingdoneinmostofmiddleEurope、
Today,papercuttingsarechieflydecorative、Theylivenupwalls,windows,doors,columns,mirrors,lampsandlanternsinhomesandarealsousedonpresentsoraregivenasgiftsthemselves、Papercut-outspastedonornearentrancesaresupposedtobringgoodluck、
Classification
Paper-cuttingisoneoftheoldestandthemostpopularfolkartsinChina、Itcanbegeographicallydividedintoasouthernandanorthernstyle、Thesouthernstyle,representedbyworksfromYangzhouinJiangsuProvinceandLeqinginZhejiangProvince,featuresingeniousandbeautifuldesigns,exquisitecarvingandinterestingshapes、Thenorthernstyle,mainlyfromYuxianandFengninginHebeiProvinceandbestrepresentedbyworksfromnorthernShaanxi,featuresexaggeratedshapes,vigorousness,vividdepictionsanddiversepatterns、
Thestyleofwindowpaper-cutsisusuallyfree,excepttheflowerpatternonthecorner、Thethemeofwindowpaper-cutshasawiderange,themostpopularofwhichisbasedonthestoriesoftraditionalChineseopera、
Pictures
ASymmetricalcut
Chinesepapercuttingsinashop、
APapercut"windowflower"duringChineseNewYear
Embroidery
Briefintroduction
Embroideryisthehandicraftofdecoratingfabricorothermaterialswithneedleandthreadoryarn、Embroiderymayalsoincorporateothermaterialssuchasmetalstrips,pearls,beads,quills,andsequins、Today,embroideryismostoftenseenoncaps,hats,coats,blankets,dressshirts,denim,stockings,andgolfshirts、Embroideryisavailablewithawidevarietyofthreadoryarncolor、
Origin
Theprocessusedtotailor,patch,mendandreinforceclothfosteredthedevelopmentofsewingtechniques,andthedecorativepossibilitiesofsewingledtotheartofembroidery、
Theartofembroideryhasbeenfoundworldwideandseveralearlyexampleshavebeenfound、WorksinChinahavebeendatedtotheWarringStatesperiod(5th–3rdcenturyBC)、InagarmentfromMigrationperiodSweden,roughly300–700AD,theedgesofbandsoftrimmingarereinforcedwithrunningstitch,backstitch,stemstitch,tailor'sbuttonholestitch,andwhipstitching,butitisuncertainwhetherthisworksimplyreinforcedtheseamsorshouldbeinterpretedasdecorativeembroidery、
Materials
Thefabricsandyarnsusedintraditionalembroideryvaryfromplacetoplace、Wool,linen,andsilkhavebeeninuseforthousandsofyearsforbothfabricandyarn、Today,embroiderythreadismanufacturedincotton,rayon,andnoveltyyarnsaswellasintraditionalwool,linen,andsilk、Ribbonembroideryusesnarrowribboninsilkorsilk/organzablendribbon,mostcommonlytocreatefloralmotifs、
Machine
Contemporaryembroideryisstitchedwithacomputerizedembroiderymachineusingpatternsdigitizedwithembroiderysoftware、Inmachineembroidery,differenttypesof"fills"addtextureanddesigntothefinishedwork、Machineembroideryisusedtoaddlogosandmonogramstobusinessshirtsorjackets,gifts,andteamapparelaswellastodecoratehouseholdlinens,draperies,anddecoratorfabricsthatmimictheelaboratehandembroideryofthepast、
Therehasalsobeenadevelopmentinfreehandmachineembroidery,newmachineshavebeendesignedthatallowfortheusertocreatefree-motionembroiderywhichhasitsplaceintextilearts,quilting,dressmaking,homefurnishingsandmore、
Pictures
TraditionalembroideryinchainstitchonaKazakhrug,contemporary、
Detailofembroideredsilkgauzeritualgarment、Rowsofeven,roundchainstitchusedforoutlineandcolor、4thcenturyBC,ZhoutombatMashan,Hubei,China、
Commercialmachineembroideryinchainstitchonavoilecurtain,China,early21stcentury、
Shadowplay
Briefintroduction
Shadowplaywhichisalsoknownasshadowpuppetryisanancientformofstorytellingandentertainmentwhichusesflatarticulatedfigures(shadowpuppets)tocreatecut-outfigureswhichareheldbetweenasourceoflightandatranslucentscreenorscrim、Thecut-outshapesofthepuppetssometimesincludetranslucentcolororothertypesofdetailing、Variouseffectscanbeachievedbymovingboththepuppetsandthelightsource、Atalentedpuppeteercanmakethefiguresappeartowalk,dance,fight,nodandlaugh、
Development
LegendhasitthatChineseshadowpuppetryoriginatedduringtheHanDynasty(206B、C、–220A、D、)whenoneoftheconcubinesofEmperorWuofHandiedfromanillne
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