文学导论知识点教学教材.docx
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文学导论知识点教学教材.docx
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文学导论知识点教学教材
文学导论知识点
poetry
(一)ElementsofPoetry
Rhyme(Rime)
Rhymeistherepetitionofthestressedvowelsoundandallsucceedingsounds
1.SingleorMasculinerhyme单(阳)韵----rhymingsoundsinvolveonlyonesyllable.
E.g.
cold,bold;
thing,king;
day,way
1.DoubleorFemininerhyme双叠(阴)韵----rhymingsoundsinvolvetwoormoresyllables.
E.g.
begin,again;
flatter,matter;
3.Triplerhyme三叠韵----akindoffemininerhymeinwhichidenticalstressedvowelsoundsarefollowedbytwoidenticalunstressedsyllables.E.g.machinery,scenery;
tenderly,slenderly;
spitefully,delightfully;
remember,September
4.Internalrhyme(行内韵)----atleastoneoftherhymingwordsarewithintheline.E.g.“Eachnarrowcellinwhichwedwell”;“thegrainsbeyondage,thedarkveinsofhermother”
5.Endrhyme(orTerminalrhyme)(行尾韵)----thebothrhymingwordsoccurattheendsoflines.(Thecommonestandmostconsciouslysought-aftersoundrepetitioninEnglishpoetry.)E.g.
Undermywindow,acleanraspingsound
Whenthespadesinksintogravellyground.
Letusrollallourstrength,andall
OurSweetness,upintooneball.
6.BeginningRhyme行首词韵----rhymethatoccursinthefirstsyllableorsyllablesofsuccessivelines.E.g.
WhyshouldIhavereturned?
Myknowledgewouldnotfitintotheirs.
Ifounduntouchedthedesertoftheunknown.
7.InterlacedorCrossedRhyme交错韵----Wordsinthemiddleofeachlinerhyme.Itoccursinlongcouplets,especiallythehexameter.E.g.
Laurelisgreenforaseason,andloveissweetforaday,
Butlovegrowsbitterwithtreason,andlaureloutlivesnotMay.
8.PerfectorExactrhyme(全韵)----differingconsonantsoundsarefollowedbyidenticalstressedvowelsounds,andthefollowingsoundsareidentical.
E.g.
foe,toe;meet,fleet;buffer,rougher;fix,sticks;
9.Halfrhymeoroffrhyme,nearrhyme,obliquerhyme,slantrhyme)(斜韵)----thefemininerhymesthatdonotrhymecompletely.E.g.
frightful,slightly;
yellow,pillow;
mirth,forth;
trolley,bully
10.yerhyme(视觉韵)----formedbywordsthatlookalikearhymedunitbutdonothavethesamesounds.E.g.cough,bough;home,some;hear,bear
11.Approximaterhymes
Alliteration头韵----repetitionofinitialsounds.E.g.
alltheawfulauguries..
Bringmemybowofburninggold;
moreoftendefinedastherepetitionofconsonants.E.g.
afterlife’sfitfulfever
(二)Rhymescheme(押韵格式)
----thepatternofalternatingendrhymesinastanzaorpoem.Inanalysisofarhymescheme,eachrhymeisrepresentedbyasmallletter.E.g.
Loveisasicknessfullofwoes,(a)
Allremediesrefusing;(b)
Aplantthatwithmostcuttinggrows(a)
Mostbarrenwithbestusing.(b)
Whyso?
(c)
(三)Stanza----
agroupoflinesofverseformingoneoftheunitsordivisionsofapoem.(Itisusuallyrecurrent,characterizedbyaregularpattern,withrespecttoorunderdeterminationof,thenumberoflines,andarrangementofmeterofrhyme.)
Commonstanzaformsincludethecouplet,thetriplet,andthequatrain
Couplet----twosuccessiverhyminglines:
Forthysweetloverememb’redsuchwealthbrings
ThatthenIscorntochangemystatewithkings.
(ThecoupletisoneofthemainverseunitsinWesternliterature,andisaformofgreatantiquity.ChaucerwasoneofthefirstEnglishpoetstouseitandit’sgenerallythoughtthatChaucerdevelopedtheform.)
Triplet----astanzaofthreelines;anindividualpoemofthreelines.E.g.
WhenasinsilksmyJuliagoes
Then,then(methinks)howsweetlyflows
Thatliquefactionofherclothes.
Next,whenIcastmineeyesandsee
Thatbravevibrationeachwayfree;
Ohowthatglitteringtakethme!
Quatrain----astanzaoranindividualpoemoffourlinesrhymedorunrhymed.ItoccursasthecommonestofallstanzaicformsinEasternandWesternpoetries,andlendsitselftowidevariationinmeterandrhyme.E.g.
Ienvynotinanymoods
Thecaptivevoidofnoblerage,
Thelinnetbornwithinthecage
Thatneverknewthesummerwoods;
Ienvynotthebeastthattakes
Hislicenseinthefieldoftime,
unfetteredbythesenseofcrime,
Towhomaconscienceneverwakes.
OtherStanzaicforms:
Quintain----astanzaoranindividualpoemof5lines.
Sexain,orsixain,sextain,hexastich/`heksəstik/----astanzaof6lines
Heptastich/`heptəstik/----astanzaoranindividualpoemof7lines.
Sonnet----a14-linepoem./
(四)MetricalRhythm
Accentsandpauses
Inpoetry,theendofalineofverseisitselfamarkofpunctuation.
Ifthelastwordofalineisfollowedbynopunctuationandispartofacontinuinggrammaticalunitlikeaprepositionalphrase,wecallthelinerun-on,orenjambed.(跨行连续)
E.g.somuchdepends
upon
aredwheel
barrow
glazedwithrain
water
besidethewhite
chickens.
(WilliamCarlosWilliams)
MetricalRhythm
Meter(韵律,格律)----derivedfromtheGreekword“metron”meaning“measure”.Referstotheregularpatternofstressed(markedasOor/)andunstressedsyllables(markedasoor~;u;xetc.).E.g.
morningOo(or:
/~)
verbalizeOoo(or:
/~~)
tomorrowoOo(or:
~/~)
againoO(or:
~/)
MetricalRhythm
NamesforMeters:
1.Iamb/`aiæmb/(Iambic/ai`æmbik/adj.):
anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.抑扬格(英);短长格(西、拉)oO(~/)(da-dum)
E.g.againoO(or:
~/)
ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?
Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate
oOoOoOoOoO
ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?
oOoOoOoOoO
Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.
2.Trochee/`trəuki:
/(trochaic/trəu`keiik/adj.):
astressedsyllablefollowedbyanunstressedsyllable.扬抑格(英);长短格(西、拉)Oo(/~)
(dum-da)
E.g.morningOo(or:
/~)
Tiger!
Tiger!
burningbright
Intheforestsofthenight.
OoOoOoO
Tiger!
Tiger!
burningbright
OoOoOoO
Intheforestsofthenight.
OR:
/~/~/~/
Tiger!
Tiger!
burningbright
/~/~/~/
Intheforestsofthenight.
3.AnapestorAnapaest/`ænəpi:
st/(AnapesticorAnapaestic/ænə`pi:
stik/adj.):
twounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyastressedsyllable抑抑扬格(英);短短长格(西、拉).ooO(~~/)(da-da-dum)
E.g.beneficial
…theoldinnandthelights,andthefire
Andthefiddler’soldtuneandtheshufflingoffeet
ooOooOooO
…theoldinnandthelights,andthefire
ooOooOooOooO
Andthefiddler’soldtuneandtheshufflingoffeet
4.Dactyl/`dæktil/(Dactylic/dæk`tilik/adj.):
astressedsyllablefollowedbytwounstressedsyllables.扬抑抑格;长短短格
Ooo(/~~)E.g.verbalizeOoo(/~~)
OooOooOooOo
Justforahandfulofsilverheleftus,
OooOooOooO
Justforaribandtostickinhiscoat–
5.syllables.扬抑抑格;长短短格
Ooo(/~~)E.g.verbalizeOoo(/~~)
OooOooOooOo
Justforahandfulofsilverheleftus,
OooOooOooO
Justforaribandtostickinhiscoat–
6.Spondee/`spɔndi:
/(Spondaic/spɔn`deiik/adj.):
astressedsyllablefollowedbyanotherstressedsyllable.扬扬格OO(//)mostoftenusedasasubstituteforaniambortrochee
E.g.
Smartlad,toslipbetimesaway
OOoOoOoO
(五)Foot诗的音步
----Aunitofpoeticmeterofstressedandunstressedsyllablesiscalledafoot.Namesforfeet:
♦Monometer/mɔ`nɔmitə(r)/:
onefoot单音步诗行
♦Dimeter/`dimitə(r)/:
twofeet二音步诗行;二步格诗行
♦Trimeter/`trimitə(r)/:
threefeet三音步诗行
♦Tetrameter/te`træmitə(r)/:
fourfeet
Pentameter/pen`tæmitə(r)/:
fivefeet
♦Hexameter/hek`sæmitə(r)/:
sixfeet
♦Heptameter/hep`tæmitə(r)/:
sevenfeet
♦Octameter/ɔk`tæmitə(r)/:
eightfeet
♦Nonameter/nɔ`næmitə(r):
ninefeet
(linescontainingmorethansevenfeetdonotoftenoccurinEnglishverse)
Illustrationsofmetricalrhythms:
iambicpentameter
oOoOoOoOoO
ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?
oOoOoOoOoO
Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.
oOoOoOoOoO
RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,
oOoOoOoOoO
Andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate:
Twotermsmarkingthemetricalpatternandrhymeschemeofapoem:
♦Scansion(音律分析:
将诗行分成音步,标出重音位置,算出音节)----tomarkthestressedandunstressedsyllablesandrhymeschemeistoscan.
♦Caesura/si:
`zjuərə/(诗行中根据意思而作的)主要停顿----apauseinalineofversedictatedbysenseornaturalspeechrhythmratherthanbymetricsiscalledcaesura,whichisoftenmarkedwith“‖”
Illustrationofcaesurae:
Meanwhile,‖decliningfromthenoonofday
Thesunobliquely‖shootshisburningray;
Thehungryjudges‖soonthesentencesign
Andwretcheshang‖thatjurymenmaydine…
KindsofPoetry
1.Ballad2.Lyric
3.NarrativePoem4.Epic
5.Sonnet6.Ode
7.Elegy8.Pastoral
9.BlankVerse10.FreeVerse
NarrativePoem(叙事诗):
A.Ifapoemmainlytellsarelativelycompletestory,itiscalledanarrativepoem.B.widespreadinmanyliteraturesandcontinuetobewrittenandread.
Epic(史诗):
a)oneoftheancienttypesofpoetry.
b)playsaveryimportantroleinearlydevelopmentofliteratureandcivilization
c)longnarrativepoemofgreatscaleandgrandiosestyleaboutheroeswhoareusuallywarriorsorevendemigods
d)dealswithnoblecharactersandheroicdeeds
e)incorporatesmyth,legendandfolktale
f)reflectsnationalhistory,thusmoreculturalthanliterary
Sonnet(十四行诗):
a)oneofthemostconventionalandinfluentialformsofpoetryinEurope----popularinRenaissanceItaly,andthereafterinSpain,PortugalandotherEuropeancountries.
b)GermanandEnglishRomanticsrevivedtheform,whichremainspopular.
c)alyricinvariablyof14lines,usuallyiniambic/ai`æmbik/pentameter/pen'tæmitə/,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme.
Sonnet:
therearethreeprominenttypesofsonnet,allnamedaftertheirfoundersorperfecters
1)ShakespeareanSonnet莎士比亚体十四行诗
♦alsocalled
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