完整word版高中英语语法要点易错点整理.docx
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完整word版高中英语语法要点易错点整理.docx
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完整word版高中英语语法要点易错点整理
高考语法要点和易错点
语法一====从句
从句的做题思路======》判定是什么从句
一、关于定语从句(前提:
懂得判断是哪一种从句)
1.修饰某一名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。
2.连接词that/which/who/whom/whose/when/where/why/as
What/how><既起连接作用/有充当句子成分
3.先行词n./pron---被定语从句修饰的
根据先行词选择连接词
物:
which/that//whose
人:
who/whom/that/whose
时间:
when/which/that
地点:
where/which/that
Reason:
从句完整why/forwhich;从句不完整which/that/--
Way:
从句完整inwhich/that/--;从句不完整which/that/-
Idon’tlikethewayyouspeaktoyourparents.
Hefoundthewaywasreasonabletosolvetheproblem.
答案:
inwhich/that;which/that
当先行词与连接词后面的名词n存在所属关系时(…的)
物:
whose+n.=ofwhich+the+n.=the+n.+ofwhich
人:
whose+n.=ofwhom+the+n.=the+n.+ofwhom
Theroom,ofwhichthewindowfacessouthismine.
Thegirl,whosefatherdiedisourmonitor.
4.只能用that不能用which(重点前5种情况)
(1)当先行词是不定代词,如all,everything,anything,nothing,much,few,little,none,theone等。
Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
(2)先行词被all,few,little,no,every等词修饰时。
Thereisnodifficultythatwecan’tovercome.
(3)先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。
ThisisthefirstletterthatI’vewritteninJapanese.
(4)先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast等修饰时
ThisistheverybookthatIamlookingfor.
(5)当先行词既有人又有物时。
Theytalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthattheyhadvisited.
(6)当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或连接词本身是从句的表语时。
Chinaisn’tthecountrythatsheusedtobe50yearsago.
(7)当主句是以who,which或what开头的特殊疑问句时。
Whoisthemanthatiswaitingatthebusstop?
5.永远不用that====介词/逗号之后
6.当先行词是时间/地点时when/where/that/which/--
When=介词+which=介词+时间
Where=介词+which=介词+地点
Which/that=时间/地点
当从句完整时,用When/Where/介词+which
当从句不完整时,用which/that/--
e.g.Istillrememberthedaysthat/which/--wespentattheseasidelastsummer.
Thisisthefactoryinwhich/wherehisparentsusedtowork.
1.Thelibrary___studentsoftenstudywasonfirelastnight.
2.Thelibrary,___wasbuiltinthe1930s,needsrepairing.
3.Thelibrary____youvisitedyesterdaywasbuiltin1990.
4.I’llneverforgettheday_________wefirstmetinthepark.
5.I’llneverforgetthetime_________Ispentoncampus.
6.I’llneverforgetthetime_____wasspentwithyou.
答案:
where/inwhich;which/that;which/that;when/onwhich;that/which;_that/which
7.as与which的比较:
(1)在非限制性定语从句中,均可替代整个主句.如从句在主句之后,两者皆可用;如从句在主句之前,用as。
Theyfailedintheexam,as/whichisnatural.
Asisknowntoall,theearthmovesaroundthesun.
(2)as“正如……,就像……”
Which“这一点/这个/这件事”
Heiscareless,whichcausedtheaccident.
Heislateagain,as/whichweexpected.
8.当先行词被thesame,such,so修饰时,
Thisisthesamebookasyouboughtyesterday.同一类
…………………….that………………………同一个
Thiswassodifficultaproblemaswecouldn’tworkout.(后面句子不完整)
Thiswassodifficultaproblemthatwecouldn’tworkitout.(后面句子完整)
Thiswassuchadifficultproblem…………
9.另外,定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词的数相一致。
如:
①Mr.Jacksonistheonlyforeignerthatispresentattheparty.0
②Heisoneofthestudentswhowerepraisedbytheteacher.
解析:
在句①中,先行词foreigner被only修饰,强调只有一个,所以从句中谓语动词用单数形式,而在句②中,who引导的定语从句修饰先行词thestudents为复数,所以从句谓语动词应为复数。
感悟:
学生之所以在这一点上经常出错,主要是对定语从句的理解不够深刻,分辨不出主句和从句,对句子成分的把握也不到位,搞不清关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当何种句子成分。
所以要做好这一类题,要首先弄清关系代词和关系副词的用法,而且应善于分辨和分析句子结构及其相应成分,这样才能对症下药,快速准确地找到瓿之所在。
二、名词性从句
主语从句WhatIsayistrue
宾语从句Hewon’tbelievewhatIsay.
表语从句ThatiswhatIsaid.
同位语从句ItoldthemthenewsthatRocketswonthegametoday.
区别什么从句应看主句,主句不完整时从句肯定是名词性从句。
主句完整时,从句可能是定语从句,状语从句,或者同位语从句。
Ihaveforgottenwherewewentyesterday.
Wherewewentyesterdayiscoveredwithallkindsofflowers.
Oh!
Thisiswherewecameyesterday.
Thisistheplacewherewecameyesterday.
Here,hemadethepromisethathewouldcomehere10yearslater.
Iwillmakeamarkwherehemadethepromise.
需要用什么引导词看从句。
名词性从句中缺什么意思用什么意思的引导词;缺名词性成份时,指人用who/whom,指物用what;不缺意思和成份时用that。
That只有在宾语从句中可以省略。
1.___theOlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijingisknown.
A.不填B.WheneverC.WhatD.When
2.Thereisacommonbeliefamongthem___rubbishcanandshouldbeputtogooduse.
A.whichB.ifC.whetherD.that
3.He’sboughtacottagefor___heretires,withthemoneyhesaved.
A.WhenB.whereC.whatD.which(哪一个、哪一些)
答案DDA
--ItisknowntoallthatTaiwanbelongstoChina.
--DoyouthinkitpossiblethatwetakeoverTaiwan?
--Ofcourse.
It经常在句中当形式主语、宾语,代替真正的主语、宾语,以避免头重脚轻。
Itisprettywellunderstood___controlstheflowofcarbondioxideinandoutoftheatmospheretoday.
A.ThatB.whenC.whatD.how
Whydon’tyoubring___tohisattentionthatyouaretoobusytodoit?
A.ThisB.whatC.thatD.it
答案CD
表“是否”时只用whether不用if:
1.Whetherthepresidentwillcomeisnotknownyet.(主从)
2.Theproblemiswhetherweneedit.(表从)
3.Theproblemwhetherwewillbuildanotherschoolhasn’tbeensettled.(同位语从句)
4.HewasworriedaboutwhetherhepassedtheEnglishexamination.(介词之后)
5.Itdoesn’tmatterwhethershewillcomeornot.(whether…or/ornot)
6.Idon’tknowwhethertogo.(动词不定式之前)
区别:
that引导的定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系,“……的名词”,而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。
与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表示事实或概念的抽象名词,如fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。
That在定语从句中必须作成分,可用which或who/whom代替,而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用。
如:
①AlongwiththeletterwashispromisethathewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas.
②Doyoustillrememberthechickenfarmthatwevisitedthreemonthsago.
解析:
在句①中,that引导同位语从句解释说明promise的内容,that不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用,而在句②中,that在其引导的定语从句中作动词visited的宾语,对先行词thechickenfarm起修饰作用。
感悟:
学生之所以在这一点上容易出错,主要还是因为对定语从句的理解不够深刻,分辨不出that在从句中是否充当了句子成分,因此,还需在句子分析上下功夫,并且搞清何谓同位语从句。
三、状语从句
(主句完整,从句和主句之间不存在修饰关系的,一般就是状从)
1.关于when/while/as
都有“当…时”
WhenIarrived,hehadalreadyleft.
Maryaskedmetocareforherpetwhileshewasaway.(当…时)
Asthesunsetinthewest,itbecamedarkeranddarker.
Astimegoesby//astheeconomydevelops
When(正在这时)
Beabouttodo….When…
Bedoing…when…
Hadjustdone…when…
Beonthepointofdoing…when…
while
HelikespopmusicwhileIamfondofclassicalmusic.(而)
Maryaskedmetocareforherpetwhileshewasaway.(当…时)
WhileIunderstandwhatyousay,Ican’tagreewithyou.(虽然)
as
A.随着+句子astimewentbyastheeconomydevelops
B.像+句子Itlooksalittleuglyasitis.
C.作为+短语treat/regard/consider/thinkof/lookon……as(把…作为…来对待)
D.因为+句子because/since/for
AsyouareSenior3students,youshouldsparenoeffort/painstostudy.
E.正如/就像
Asisknowntoall/weallknow,TaiwanbelongstoChina.
Asanoldsayinggoes,it’snotuntiltheDragonBoatFestivalthatwecanputawaywarmclothes.
2.关于since/before/until
Itis/hasbeenseveralmonthssincewelastspenttheholidayinthecountrytogether.
Itwastenyearssincewehadhadsuchawonderfultime.
Before
HeleftbeforeIcouldsay“thankyou”tohim.来不及
ThreeyearspassedbeforeIknewit.才
Itwon’tbelongbeforewehaveamonthlyexam.
Itwillbetenyearsbeforewemeetagain.
Itwastenyearsbeforetheymetagain.
Until/till(主句谓语持续性)
Not…until…(主句谓语短暂性)
GeorgeworkedforIBMuntil/till2000.
直到靠近,我才认出他。
Untilhecameuptome,Irecognizedhim.(此句错误)
==》Ididn’trecognizehimuntilhecameuptome.
3.关于“一…就”
Hardly…when…
Nosooner…than…
Assoonas
Themoment/time/minute/second+句子
Immediately/instantly/directly+句子
Ondoing/名词
Hardly(Nosooner)hadIgothomewhen(than)therainpoureddown.
Themomentshesawtherobber,shescreamed.
Instantlyhesawthedrowninggirl,hejumpedintotheriver.
Uponarrival/Onarrival/Onarriving,Iwillpayavisittoyoufirst.
4.Itis/was+时间点+when与强调句型的区别
ItwasmidnightIfellasleep.
A.whenB.thatC.whileD.because
Itwasatnoonwearrivedinthevillage.
A.beforeB.whileC.whenD.that
答案AD
5.Unless如果不(除非)/if如果
____________yougoallouttodothework,Idon'tthinkyoucanachieveyourgoalasplanned.
A.UnlessB.EvenC.SinceD.Till
Heneverspeaks_____heisspokento,forheisnotmuchofaspeaker.
A.whenB.ifC.unlessD.until
答案AC
6.asif(though)似乎/仿佛/好像+真实/虚拟
7.evenif/though即使
8.incase/forfearthat以防/惟恐
9.What/whatever/nomatterwhat;how/however/nomatterhow
What(ever)+名词How(ever)+形容词/副词
Whateverdifficultieswemeetwith,itisbesttofacethemandtrytosolvethem.
Howeverlateitis,I’llwaitforyou.
Nomatterhowbusyheis,heisreadytohelpothers.
Nomatter+疑问词==引导状从疑问词+ever==引导名从/状从
Whateveryousay,Iwon’tbelieveyou.=Nomatterwhat(状语从句)
Iwon’tbelievewhateveryousay.=anythingthat(宾语从句)
Whoever/Nomatterwhocomes,don’tlethimin.(状语从句)
Whoever/Anyonewholeaveslastshouldturnoffthelights.(主语从句)
10.Where+句子(特别是引导地点状从和定从的区别)
Ihaveforgottenwherewewentyesterday.
Wherewewentyesterdayiscoveredwithallkindsofflowers.
Oh!
Thisiswherewecameyesterday.
Thisistheplacewhere/inwhichwecameyesterday.
Iwillmakeamarkwheretheteacheremphasizes.
语法二====非谓语
非谓语做题思路
1.判断主被动
2.判断时间(要发生/正在进行/已完成)
非谓语与其逻辑主语(即动作的执行者或承受者)之间有三种关系,如为主谓关系,则用现在分词或不定式的主动式;如为被动关系则用过去分词、现在分词的被动(强调动作正在进行)或不定式的被动式(动作将进行);如既无主动也无被动关系则只能用状语从句或独立主格结构(即非谓语加上自己的逻辑主语)。
Judging/considering/genrallyspeaking/supposing
指说话者的动作,故只用主动式。
如:
Havingbeenillinbedfornearlyamonth,hehadahardtimepassingtheexam.
解析:
从这个句子可以看出,句词的逻辑主语与句子的主语he一致,并且是主谓关系,所以用了现在的分词作状语,同时,分词的动作明显地发生在句子的谓语动词动作之前,故采用了现代分词的完成式。
InordertoimproveEnglish,________.
A.Jenny’sfatherboughtheralotoftapes.
B.Jenny’sfatherboughtalotoftapesforherself.
C.AlotoftapeswereboughtbyJenny.
D.AlotoftapeswereboughtbyJennyfather.
解析:
根据不定式短语我们可以推知,句子的逻辑主语应该是人而不是物,所以,应该排除CD,再就是应该是Jenny提高自己的英语,而不是她爸爸,故答案先B.
———,wedecidedtogooutforawalk.
A.ItisfineB.ItfineC.BeingfineD.Itbeingfine
解析:
主句主语we与动词短语befine之间既无主动关系与无被动关系,所以要加上自己的逻辑主语It,由于不存在主、被动关系,故不能选C项,而应该选D项。
————moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.
A.Giv
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