南昌大学研究生期末考试英语试题样卷.docx
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南昌大学研究生期末考试英语试题样卷.docx
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南昌大学研究生期末考试英语试题样卷
南昌大学研究生期末考试英语试题样卷
FinalTestForPostgraduateStudentsofGrade201X
PartI.Vocabulary(20%)
a.Choosethewordorphrasethatiscloserinmeaningtotheunderlinedone.1.Duringthepastdecades,theinternationalcommunityusuallyundertheauspicesoftheUnited
Nation,hasstruggledtonegotiateglobalstandardsthatcanhelpusachievemanyessentialgoals.A.WiththeadvanceofB.withtheadditionofC.withtheviewofD.withthehelpof2.Themortalityrateofchildrenunderfiveyearsoldisanimportantindicationofthesituationofchildreninacountry.
A.growthB.birthC.deathD.injury
3.Theutilitiescontendthatthisreducedcapacitywillresultincurtailedserviceandhigherpricessomeyearsdowntheroad.
A.bythewayB.alongthestreetC.inthepastD.inthefuture4.Stabilityatthatlevelangurswellforthemarket,analystssay,whileaplungethroughitcould
sparkrenewedsellingofstocks.
A.fallB.hurdleC.leapD.lead
5.Mostsuccessfulcompaniesallovertheworldhavewell-establishedandidentifiablelinesof
organization.
A.complicatedB.confusingC.recognizableD.formidable
6.Milkchocolateshavealesspronouncedtasteofchocolateandtheyaresweeterthandark
chocolateandhavealightercolor.
A.distinctB.spokenC.articulatedD.uttered
7.Prepareyourselfforimmersionintoadiverselearningenvironmentinwhichyou’llbeaskedto
challengeyourpre-conveivednotionsaboutyourownidentityandabilities.A.rinsingB.dryingC.shrinkingD.involvement
8.Withtheconvenientonlineshoppingservices,customerscandesignandorderappareldirectly
fromthevirtualshops.
A.appliancesB.merchandiseC.utilitiesD.clothes
9.Meanwhile,apollofWallStreetstrategistsfoundthatnotasinglepunditwaspredictingthat
Americanshareswouldfallthisyear.
A.brokerB.authorityC.shareholderD.scholarship
10.Thecomputerwillplaythepivotalroleeitherinthebasicmedicineteachingorintheexperimentalteaching.
A.importantB.crucialC.necessaryD.irreplaceable
b.Cloze
Chooseanappropriatewordfromtheboxtofillineachofthefollowingblanks.Changetheformwherenecessary.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsintheboxmorethanonce.
queryaerialcognitionexpressionattest
roboticsmeldcovervitalarise
guidelinedeployrecapitulateendowcollection
InthejournalScience,ProfessorStarkeycallsforethicalguidelinesto
(1)______allaspectsofrobotictechnology,notjustinthehomeandworkplace,butalsoonthebattlefield,wherelethalrobotssuchasthemissile-armedPredatordronesusedinIraqandAfghanistanarealready
(2)_____withlethaleffect.TheUSFutureCombatSystemprojectaimstouserobotsas“forcemultipliers”,withasinglesoldierinitiatinglarge-scalegroundan(3)______attacksbyarobotdroidarmy.“Robotsforcareandforwarrepresentjusttwoofmanyethicallyproblematicareasthatwillsoon(4)______fromtherapidincreaseandspreadingdiversityofroboticsapplications,”
ProfessorStarkeysaid,“Scientistsandengineersworkinginroboticsmustbemindfulofthepotentialdangersoftheirwork,andpublicandinternationaldiscussionis(5)_____inordertosetpolicyguidelinesforethicalandsafeapplicationbeforetheguidelinessetthemselves.”
Thecallforcontrolsoverrobotsgoesbacktothe1940swhenthescience-fictionauthorIsaacAsimovdrewuphisfamousthreelawsof(6)_____.Thefirstrulestatedthatrobotsmustnotharmpeople;thesecondthattheymustobeythecommandsofpeopleprovidedthemdoesnotconflictwiththefirstlaw;andthethirdlawwasthatrobotsmustattempttoavoidharmingthemselvesprovidedthiswasnotinconflictwiththetwootherlaws.
Asimovwrotea(7)______ofsciencefictionseriescalledI,Robotwhichexploitedtheissueofmachinesandmorality.Hewantedtocounterthelonghistoryoffictionalaccountsofdangerousautomatons—fromtheJewishGolemtoMaryShelly’sFrankenstein—andusedhis
threelawsasaliterarydevicetoexploittheethicalissuesarisingfromthehumaninteractionwithnon-human,intelligentbeings.Butlate20th--centurypredictionsabouttheriseofmachines(8)______withsuperiorartificialintelligencehavenotbeenrealized,althoughrobotscientistshavegiventheirmechanicalprotégés(门客)quasi-intelligent(准智能的)traitssuchassimple
speechrecognition,emotional(9)______andfacerecognition.
ProfessorStarkeybelievethatevendumbrobotsneedtobecontrolled.“I’mnotsuggestinglikeAsimovtoputethicalrulesintorobots,buttojusttohave(10)______onhowrobotsareused,”hesaid.“Currentrobotsarenotbrightenougheventobecalledstupid.IfIeventhoughttheywouldbesuperiorinintelligence,Iwouldnothavetheseconcerns.Theyaredumbmachinesnotmuchbrighterthantheaveragewashingmachine,andthat’stheproblem.”
PartII.Readingcomprehension(20%)
Inthispart,youwillreadfourpassages.YouarerequiredtochoosethebestanswertoeachquestionaccordingtothepassageandthenmarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheetbyblackingtheletterinthebrackets.
PassageOne
Archaeology(考古学)isasourceofhistory,notjustahumbleauxiliarydiscipline.
Archaeologicaldataarehistoricaldocumentsintheirownright,notmereillustrationstowrittentexts.Justasmuchasanyotherhistorian,anarchaeologiststudiesandtriestoreconstitutetheprocessthathascreatedthehumanworldinwhichwelive---andusourselvesinsofarasweareeachcreaturesofourageandsocialenvironment.Archaeologicaldataareallchangedinthematerialworldresultingfromhumanactionor,moresuccinctly,thefossilizedresultsofhumanbehavior.Thetotalsumoftheseconstitutewhatmaybecalledthearchaeologicalrecord.Thisrecordexhibitspeculiaritiesanddeficienciestheconsequencesofwhichproducearathersuperficialcontractbetweenarchaeologicalhistoryandthemorefamiliarkindbaseduponwrittenrecords.
Notallhumanbehaviorfossilizes.ThewordsIutterandyouhearasvibrationsintheairarecertainlyhumanchangesinthematerialworldandmaybeofgreathistoricalsignificance.YettheyhavenosortoftraceinthearchaeologicalrecordsunlesstheyarecapturedbyaDictaphoneorwrittendownbyaclerk.Themovementoftroopsonthebattlefieldmay“changethecourseof
history,”butthisisequallyephemeralfromthearchaeologist’sstandpoint.Whatisperhapsworse,
mostorganicmaterialareperishable.Everythingmadeofwood,hide,wool,linen,grass,hair,andsimilarmaterialconditions.Inarelativelybriefperiodthearchaeologicalrecordisreducedtomorescrapsofstone,bone,glass,metal,andearthenware.Stillmodernarchaeology,byapplyingappropriatetechniquesandcomparativemethods,aidedbyafewluckyfindsfrompeatbogsdeserts,andfrozensoilisabletofillagooddealofthegap.
1.Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinthepassage?
A.Topointouttheimportanceofrecentadvancesinarchaeology.
B.Todescribeanarchaeologist’seducation.
C.Toexplainhowarchaeologyisasourceofhistory.
D.Toencouragemorepeopletobecomearchaeologists.
2.Theword“succinctly”inline6isclosestinmeaningto____.
A.conciselyB.brieflyC.clearlyD.appropriately
3.Accordingtothepassage,thearchaeologicalrecordconsistsof_____.
A.spokenwordsofgreathistoricalsignificance
B.thefossilizedresultsofhumanactivity
C.organicmaterials
D.ephemeralideas
4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasanexampleofanorganicmaterial?
A.stoneB.woolC.grassD.hair
5.Theparagraphfollowingthepassagemostprobablydiscusses_____.
A.techniquesforrecordingoralhistories
B.certainbattlefieldexcavationmethods
C.somespecificarchaeologicaldiscoveries
D.buildingmaterialsofthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies
PassageTwo
Themodernageisageofelectricity.Peoplearesousedtoelectriclights,radio,televisions,andtelevisionsthatitishardtoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutthem.Whenthereisapowerfailure,peoplegropeaboutinflickingcandlelight,carshesitateinthestreetsbecausetherearenotrafficlighttoguidethem,andfoodspoilsinsilentrefrigerators.
Yet,peoplebegantounderstandhowelectricityworksonlyalittlemorethantwocenturiesago.Naturehasapparentlybeenexperimentinginthisfieldformillionsofyears.Scientistsarediscoveringmoreandmorethatthelivingworldmayholdmanyinterestingsecretsofelectricitythatcouldbenefithumanity.
Alllivingcellssendouttinypulsesofelectricity.Astheheartbeats,itsendsoutpulsesofrecorded,theyformanelectroencephalogram,whichadoctorcanstudytodeterminehowwelltheheartisworking.Thebrain,too,sendsoutbrainwavesofelectricity,whichcanberecordedinanelectroencephalogram.Theelectriccurrentsgeneratedbymostlivingcellsareextremelysmall-oftensosmallthatsensitiveinstrumentsareneededtorecordthem.Butinsomeanimals,
certainmusclecellshavebecomesospecializedaselectricalgeneratorsthattheydonotworkasmusclecellsatall.Whenlargenumbersofthesecellsarelinkedtogether,theeffectscanbeastonishing.
Theelectriceelisanamazingstoragebattery.Itcansendajoltofasmuchaseighthundredvoltsofelectricitythroughthewaterinwhichitlives(Anelectrichousecurrentisonlyonehundredtwentyvolts).Asmanyasfour-fifthofallthecellsintheelectriceel’sbodyare
specializedforgeneratingelectricity,andthestrengthoftheshockitcandelivercorrespondsroughlytothelengthofitsbody.
1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
A.Electriceelsarepotentiallydangerous.
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