纽约客乔布斯传3000字浓缩版.docx
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纽约客乔布斯传3000字浓缩版.docx
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纽约客乔布斯传3000字浓缩版
【纽约客】乔布斯传(3000字浓缩版)
NotlongafterSteveJobsgotmarried,in1991,hemovedwithhiswifetoanineteen-thirties,Cotswolds-stylehouseinoldPaloAlto.Jobsalwaysfounditdifficulttofurnishtheplaceswherehelived.Hisprevioushousehadonlyamattress,atable,andchairs.Heneededthingstobeperfect,andittooktimetofigureoutwhatperfectwas.Thistime,hehadawifeandfamilyintow,butitmadelittledifference.“Wespokeaboutfurnitureintheoryforeightyears,”hiswife,LaurenePowell,tellsWalterIsaacson,in“SteveJobs,”Isaacson’senthrallingnewbiographyoftheApplefounder.“Wespentalotoftimeaskingourselves,‘Whatisthepurposeofasofa?
’”
Itwasthechoiceofawashingmachine,however,thatprovedmostvexing.Europeanwashingmachines,Jobsdiscovered,usedlessdetergentandlesswaterthantheirAmericancounterparts,andwereeasierontheclothes.Buttheytooktwiceaslongtocompleteawashingcycle.Whatshouldthefamilydo?
AsJobsexplained,“Wespentsometimeinourfamilytalkingaboutwhat’sthetrade-offwewanttomake.Weendeduptalkingalotaboutdesign,butalsoaboutthevaluesofourfamily.Didwecaremostaboutgettingourwashdoneinanhourversusanhourandahalf?
Ordidwecaremostaboutourclothesfeelingreallysoftandlastinglonger?
Didwecareaboutusingaquarterofthewater?
Wespentabouttwoweekstalkingaboutthiseverynightatthedinnertable.”
SteveJobs,Isaacson’sbiographymakesclear,wasacomplicatedandexhaustingman.“Therearepartsofhislifeandpersonalitythatareextremelymessy,andthat’sthetruth,”PowelltellsIsaacson.“Youshouldn’twhitewashit.”Isaacson,tohiscredit,doesnot.HetalkstoeveryoneinJobs’scareer,meticulouslyrecordingconversationsandencountersdatingbacktwentyandthirtyyears.Jobs,welearn,wasabully.“Hehadtheuncannycapacitytoknowexactlywhatyourweakpointis,knowwhatwillmakeyoufeelsmall,tomakeyoucringe,”afriendofhistellsIsaacson.Jobsgetshisgirlfriendpregnant,andthendeniesthatthechildishis.Heparksinhandicappedspaces.Hescreamsatsubordinates.Hecrieslikeasmallchildwhenhedoesnotgethisway.Hegetsstoppedfordrivingahundredmilesanhour,honksangrilyattheofficerfortakingtoolongtowriteuptheticket,andthenresumeshisjourneyatahundredmilesanhour.Hesitsinarestaurantandsendshisfoodbackthreetimes.HearrivesathishotelsuiteinNewYorkforpressinterviewsanddecides,at10P.M.,thatthepianoneedstoberepositioned,thestrawberriesareinadequate,andtheflowersareallwrong:
hewantedcallalilies.(Whenhispublic-relationsassistantreturns,atmidnight,withtherightflowers,hetellsherthathersuitis“disgusting.”)“Machinesandrobotswerepaintedandrepaintedashecompulsivelyrevisedhiscolorscheme,”Isaacsonwrites,ofthefactoryJobsbuilt,afterfoundingNeXT,inthelatenineteen-eighties.“Thewallsweremuseumwhite,astheyhadbeenattheMacintoshfactory,andtherewere$20,000blackleatherchairsandacustom-madestaircase....Heinsistedthatthemachineryonthe165-footassemblylinebeconfiguredtomovethecircuitboardsfromrighttoleftastheygotbuilt,sothattheprocesswouldlookbettertovisitorswhowatchedfromtheviewinggallery.”
IsaacsonbeginswithJobs’shumbleoriginsinSiliconValley,theearlytriumphatApple,andthehumiliatingousterfromthefirmhecreated.Hethenchartstheeven greatertriumphsatPixarandataresurgentApple,whenJobsreturns,inthelatenineteen-nineties,andournaturalexpectationisthatJobswillemergewiserandgentlerfromhistumultuousjourney.Heneverdoes.Inthehospitalattheendofhislife,herunsthroughsixty-sevennursesbeforehefindsthreehelikes.“Atonepoint,thepulmonologisttriedtoputamaskoverhisfacewhenhewasdeeplysedated,”Isaacsonwrites:
Jobsrippeditoffandmumbledthathehatedthedesignandrefusedtowearit.Thoughbarelyabletospeak,heorderedthemtobringfivedifferentoptionsforthemaskandhewouldpickadesignheliked....Healsohatedtheoxygenmonitortheyputonhisfinger.Hetoldthemitwasuglyandtoocomplex.
OneofthegreatpuzzlesoftheindustrialrevolutioniswhyitbeganinEngland.WhynotFrance,orGermany?
Manyreasonshavebeenoffered.Britainhadplentifulsuppliesofcoal,forinstance.Ithadagoodpatentsysteminplace.Ithadrelativelyhighlaborcosts,whichencouragedthesearchforlabor-savinginnovations.Inanarticlepublishedearlierthisyear,however,theeconomistsRalfMeisenzahlandJoelMokyrfocusonadifferentexplanation:
theroleofBritain’shuman-capitaladvantage—inparticular,onagrouptheycall“tweakers.”TheybelievethatBritaindominatedtheindustrialrevolution becauseithadafarlargerpopulationofskilledengineersandartisansthanitscompetitors:
resourcefulandcreativemenwhotookthesignatureinventionsoftheindustrialageandtweakedthem—refinedandperfectedthem,andmadethemwork.
In1779,SamuelCrompton,aretiringgeniusfromLancashire,inventedthespinningmule,whichmadepossiblethemechanizationofcottonmanufacture.YetEngland’srealadvantagewasthatithadHenryStones,ofHorwich,whoaddedmetalrollerstothemule;andJamesHargreaves,ofTottington,whofiguredouthowtosmooththeaccelerationanddecelerationofthespinningwheel;andWilliamKelly,ofGlasgow,whoworkedouthowtoaddwaterpowertothedrawstroke;andJohnKennedy,ofManchester,whoadaptedthewheeltoturnoutfinecounts;and,finally,RichardRoberts,alsoofManchester,amasterofprecisionmachinetooling—andthetweaker’stweaker.Hecreatedthe“automatic”spinningmule:
anexacting,high-speed,reliablerethinkingofCrompton’soriginalcreation.Suchmen,theeconomistsargue,providedthe“microinventionsnecessarytomakemacroinventionshighlyproductiveandremunerative.”
WasSteveJobsaSamuelCromptonorwasheaRichardRoberts?
IntheeulogiesthatfollowedJobs’sdeath,lastmonth,hewasrepeatedlyreferredtoasalarge-scalevisionaryandinventor.ButIsaacson’sbiographysuggeststhathewasmuchmoreofatweaker.HeborrowedthecharacteristicfeaturesoftheMacintosh—themouseandtheiconsonthescreen—fromtheengineersatXeroxPARC,afterhisfamousvisitthere,in1979.Thefirstportabledigitalmusicplayerscameoutin1996.AppleintroducedtheiPod,in2001, becauseJobslookedattheexistingmusicplayersonthemarketandconcludedthatthey“trulysucked.”Smartphonesstartedcomingoutinthenineteen-nineties.JobsintroducedtheiPhonein2007,morethanadecadelater,because,Isaacsonwrites,“hehadnoticedsomethingoddaboutthecellphonesonthemarket:
Theyallstank,justlikeportablemusicplayersusedto.”TheideafortheiPadcamefromanengineeratMicrosoft,whowasmarriedtoafriendoftheJobsfamily,andwhoinvitedJobstohisfiftieth-birthdayparty.AsJobstellsIsaacson:
ThisguybadgeredmeabouthowMicrosoftwasgoingtocompletelychangetheworldwiththistabletPCsoftwareandeliminateallnotebookcomputers,andAppleoughttolicensehisMicrosoftsoftware.Buthewasdoingthedeviceallwrong.Ithadastylus.Assoonasyouhaveastylus,you’redead.Thisdinnerwaslikethetenthtimehetalkedtomeaboutit,andIwassosickofitthatIcamehomeandsaid,“Fuckthis,let’sshowhimwhatatabletcanreallybe.”
EvenwithinApple,Jobswasknownfortakingcreditforothers’ideas.JonathanIve,thedesignerbehindtheiMac,theiPod,andtheiPhone,tellsIsaacson,“Hewillgothroughaprocessoflookingatmyideasandsay,‘That’snogood.That’snotverygood.Ilikethatone.’AndlaterIwillbesittingintheaudienceandhewillbetalkingaboutitasifitwashisidea.”
Jobs’ssensibilitywaseditorial,notinventive.Hisgiftlayintakingwhatwasinfrontofhim—thetabletwithstylus—andruthlesslyrefiningit.AfterlookingatthefirstcommercialsfortheiPad,hetrackeddownthecopywriter,JamesVincent,andtoldhim,“Yourcommercialssuck.”
“Well,whatdoyouwant?
”Vincentshotback.“You’venotbeenabletotellmewhatyouwant.”
“Idon’tknow,”Jobssaid.“Youhavetobringmesomethingnew.Nothingyou’veshownmeisevenclose.”
VincentarguedbackandsuddenlyJobswentballistic.“Hejuststartedscreamingatme,”Vincentrecalled.Vincentcouldbevolatilehimself,andthevolleysescalated.
WhenVincentshouted,“You’vegottotellmewhatyouwant,”Jobsshotback,“You’vegottoshowmesomestuff,andI’llknowitwhenIseeit.”
I’llknowitwhenIseeit.ThatwasJobs’scredo,anduntilhesawithisperfectionismkepthimonedge.Helookedatthetitlebars—theheadersthatrunacrossthetopofwindowsanddocuments—thathisteamofsoftwaredevelopershaddesignedfortheoriginalMacintoshanddecidedhedidn’tlikethem.Heforcedthedeveloperstodoanotherversion,andthenanother,abouttwentyiterationsinall,insistingononetinytweakafteranother,andwhenthedevelopersprotestedthattheyhadbetterthingstodoheshouted,“Canyouimaginelookingatthateveryday?
It’snotjustalittlething.It’ssomethingwehavetodoright.”
ThefamousApple“ThinkDifferent”campaigncamefromJobs’sadvertisingteamatTBWA\Chiat\Day.ButitwasJobswhoagonizedoverthesloganuntilitwasright:
Theydebatedthegrammaticalissue:
If“different”wassupposedtomodifytheverb“think,”itshouldbeanadverb,asin“thinkdifferently.”ButJobsinsistedthathewanted“different”tobeusedasanoun,asin“thinkvictory”or“thinkbeauty.”Also,itechoedcolloquialuse,asin“thinkbig.”Jobslaterexplained,“Wediscussedw
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