研究生英语阅读Unit1课后答案.docx
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研究生英语阅读Unit1课后答案.docx
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研究生英语阅读Unit1课后答案
Unit1
Environment
LearningObjectives
Attheendoftheunit,studentswillbeableto:
1.havesomegeneralknowledgeabouttheenvironment;
2.knowaboutvariouskindofenvironmentalproblems;
3.talkaboutthecauses,effects,andmeasurespeopleshouldtakeabouttheenvironmentalproblems;
4.masterthekeywordsandexpressionsconcerningtheenvironment.
PartIWarm-upActivities
ADirections:
Thefollowingaresomeoftheorganizationsdevotedtotheenvironmentalprotection.MatchthemwiththecorrespondingChinesetranslations.
A.联合国人类居住中心B.绿色和平组织C.国际环境情报网
D.联合国环境规划署E.绿党F.联合国环境与发展大会
G.国际自然和自然资源保护协会
1.UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram(UNEP)D联合国环境规划署
2.InternationalEnvironmentInformationSystemC国际环境情报网
3.GreenPeaceOrganizationB绿色和平组织
4.GreenPartyE绿党
5.InternationalUnionforConservationofNatureandNaturalResources(IUCN)
G国际自然和自然资源保护协会
6.UnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment(UNCED)
F联合国环境与发展大会
7.UnitedNationsCenterforHumanSettlements(UNCHS)
A联合国人类居住中心
BDirections:
Belowarethreepicturesconveyingtheenvironmentalproblems.Joinapartner,talkaboutwhatspecificenvironmentalproblemstheyare.Thendiscussabouttheircauses,effectsandthemeasurespeoplehavetotaketodealwiththeseproblems.
1.Whatistheenvironmentalphenomenon?
2.Whatcausesthisenvironmentalphenomenon?
3.Whataretheeffectsofthisenvironmentalphenomenon?
4.Howcanthehumandotoimprovethissituation?
Environmentalproblems
Definition
Causes
Effects
Solutions
Globalwarming
theriseintheaveragetemperatureofearth’satmosphereandoceanssincethelate19thcentury
increasingconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesproducedbyhumanactivitiessuchastheburningoffossilfuelsanddeforestation
ariseinsealevels,achangeintheamountandpatternofprecipitation,anexpansionofsubtropicaldesertsaswellasheatwaves,droughtsandheavyrainfall,oceanacidificationandspeciesextinctions
1.adoptpolicieslimitinggreenhousegasemissions
2.thehumanbeingshavetoadapttotheclimatechange
Airpollution
thepresenceintheoutdooratmosphereofoneormorecontaminantssuchasdust,fumes,gas,mist,odor,smoke,orvaporinquantitiesandofcharacteristicsanddurationsuchastobeinjurioustohuman,plant,oranimallifeortoproperty
theintroductionintotheatmosphereofchemicals,particulates,orbiologicalmaterialsreleasedbyfactories,vehiclesandburningofthefossilfuels
causediscomfort,disease,ordeathtohumans,damageotherlivingorganismssuchasfoodcrops,ordamagethenaturalenvironment
airpollutioncontroltechnologiesandlanduseplanningstrategies:
zoningandtransportinfrastructureplanning;expandingregulationtonewsources,increasedfuelefficiency,conversiontocleanerfuels
Soilerosion
theprocessbywhichsoilandrockareremovedfromtheEarth’ssurfacebynaturalprocessessuchaswindorwaterflow,andthentransportedanddepositedinotherlocations
industrialagriculture,deforestation,roads,anthropogenicclimatechangeandurbansprawl
desertification,decreasesinagriculturalproductivityduetolanddegradation,sedimentationofwaterways,andecologicalcollapseduetolossofthenutrientrichuppersoillayers
terrace-building,no-tillagriculture,andrevegetationofdenudedsoils
PartIIListening
1.Deforestation
ADirections:
Listentoareportaboutdeforestationoverthepast10years.ChooseoneitemamongA,B,CandDwhichbestmatcheseachofthefollowingquestions.
1)Whatisthemaincauseofdeforestation?
(C)
A.Thecuttingdownoftropicaltreesforurbanfacilities.
B.Theglobalwarming.
C.Thecuttingdownoftropicaltreesforagriculture.
D.Theforestfires.
2)Howmuchareaofforestwascutdownorlostthroughnaturalcauseseachyearinthelasttenyears?
(C)
A.Overfourbillionhectares.
B.Sixteenmillionhectares.
C.Thirteenmillionhectares.
D.Sevenmillionhectares.
3)Whichofthefollowingcountrieshavereducedtheirdeforestationrates?
(D)
A.ChinaandIndia.
B.BrazilandVietnam.
C.China,India,VietnamandAmerica.
D.BrazilandIndonesia.
4)Whichofthefollowingareashavethehighestyearlylossofforestsduringthelasttenyears?
(B)
A.NorthAmericaandCentralAmerica.B.AsiaandEurope.
B.SouthAmericaandAfrica.D.SouthAfricaandAsia.
5)AccordingtoEduardoRojas,whatmadetherateofdeforestationdecreasearoundtheworld?
(B)
A.Tree-plantingprograms.
B.Improvementofforestpoliciesandregulationsatlocalandinternationallevels.
C.TheresultoftheInternationalYearofBiodiversity.
D.Theforestprotectionbythenativepeople.
Tapescript
TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationsaysdeforestationhasdecreasedoverthepasttenyears.Butitstillcontinuesatahighrateinmanycountries.Deforestationismainlycausedbythecuttingdownoftropicalforeststoprovidelandforagriculture.Theworld'stotalforestareaisjustoverfourbillionhectares.Aboutthirteenmillionhectaresofforestwerecutdownorlostthroughnaturalcauseseachyearinthelasttenyears.Thiscompareswithaboutsixteenmillionhectaresperyearduringthenineteennineties.
TheFAOstudycoverstwohundredthirty-threecountriesandareas.ThestudyfoundthatBrazilandIndonesiahavereducedtheirdeforestationrates.Thetwocountrieshadthehighestlossofforestsinthenineteennineties.Inaddition,thestudynotedtree-plantingprogramsincountriessuchasChina,India,VietnamandtheUnitedStates.Theseprograms,alongwithnaturalexpansionofforestsinsomeareas,haveaddedmorethansevenmillionhectaresofnewforestseachyear.
SouthAmericaandAfricahadthehighestyearlylossofforestsduringthelasttenyears.SouthAmericalostfourmillionhectares.Africalostalmostthreeandahalfmillionhectares.However,Asiagainedmorethantwomillionhectaresayearinthelastdecade.InNorthAmericaandCentralAmerica,theforestarearemainedaboutthesame.InEurope,itcontinuedtoexpand,butataslowerratethanearlier.
EduardoRojasisassistantdirector-generalofF.A.O.’sForestryDepartment.Hesaidforthefirsttime,therateofdeforestationhasdecreasedaroundtheworld.Thisistheresultofeffortstakenatlocalandinternationallevels.MisterRojassaidcountrieshaveimprovedtheirforestpoliciesandlegislation.Theyhavealsoprovidedforestsforusebylocalcommunitiesandnativepeoplesandfortheprotectionofbiologicaldiversity.Hesaidthisisawelcomemessageintwothousandten–theInternationalYearofBiodiversity.
However,MisterRojassaidtherateofdeforestationisstillveryhighinmanyareas.Hesaidcountriesmuststrengthentheireffortstobetterprotectandmanagetheirforests.
2.UnknownFutureClimateChangeEffects
Readthenewwordsbelowbeforelistening
negotiator/ni'gəuʃieitə/n.someonewhoconferswithothersinordertoreachasettlement协调者,谈判者
mitigation/ˌmiti'ɡeiʃn/n.缓解,减轻
grope/grəup/v.searchblindlyoruncertainly摸索
precipitation/priˌsipi'teiʃən/n.thefallingofanyformofwatertoearth(rainorsnoworhailorsleetormist)某地区降雨等的量
methane/'mi:
θein/n.甲烷
ADirection:
Inthissectionyouwillhearareportabouttheunknownlong-termeffectsofrisingtemperatures.Listenandcheckthewordsandphrasesasyouhearthem.
long-termeffects
☐reproduce
☐potentialdisadvantagesandconsequences
longergrowingseasons
☐anumberofpoliciesandregulations
concentratesontheroleofagriculture
☐climatechangeeffectsonindustry
☐immigration
☐thedepthoftheplanet
temperature
insectpopulations
BDirections:
Inthissectionyouwillhearareportabouttheunknownlong-termeffectsofrisingtemperatures.Listenandanswerthefollowingquestions.
1)WhataretheBRICScountries?
TheyareBrazil,Russia,India,ChinaandSouthAfricaaswellastheUnitedStatesandIndonesia.
2)WhatdidtheancientGreekphilosopherSocratesoncesay?
IknowthatIdon’tknow.
3)WhatdidNelsonsaythattheyneedtodo?
Hesaidtheyneededtodoamuchbetterjobofcollectingdata
4)Whydothechangesonthesurfaceoftheplanetseembeneficialatfirstglance?
Farmersseelongergrowingseasonsandwettersprings.
5)Whathasrecentresearchshownasthetemperatureincreasesgetabove30or31to31or33?
Recentresearchhasshownsubstantialdrop-offinyields.
Tapescript
Scientistssaymanyofthelong-termeffectsofrisingtemperaturesarestillunknown.They'rediscussingtheproblemattheU.N.climatechangeconferenceinDurban,SouthAfrica.Researcherssayclimatechangeisacomplexmixofpotentialbenefitsandconsequences,especiallyregardingfoodproduction.
InearlyNovember,researchersfromseveralcountriesmetinBeijing.Theyrepresentedtheso-calledBRICScountries–Brazil,Russia,India,ChinaandSouthAfrica–aswellastheUnitedStatesandIndonesia.TheydiscussedclimatechangeandfoodsecurityandagreedonanumberofissuesandrecommendationstopresenttotheDurbanconference.
Oneofthoseresearchers–GeraldNelson–saidtheycameupwithaworkprogramforclimatechangetreatynegotiators.Itconcentratesontheroleofagriculture.
NelsonisaseniorfellowatIFPRI,theWashington-basedInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute.
TheancientGreekphilosopherSocratesisquotedassaying,"IknowthatIdon'tknow."Nelsonsaidit'snotthatresearchersdon'tknowanythingaboutclimatechange,it'sjustthattheyneedtoknowalotmore.
"Ourresearchresults,ourunderstandingofwhat'sgoingononthe
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