高级英语 The Rhetoric Devices Used in Advanced English.docx

高级英语 The Rhetoric Devices Used in Advanced English.docx

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高级英语TheRhetoricDevicesUsedinAdvancedEnglish

TheRhetoricDevicesUsedinAdvancedEnglish

—TakeMetaphorandParallelismAsExamples

Abstracts:

修辞是指依据题旨情境恰当地选择语言手段和表达方式,以有效地表情达意。

修辞的目的是使作品更加形象生动、引人入胜。

了解英语中的修辞,有助于我们更好地理解、欣赏文章,也有助于在写作中丰富我们自己的表达。

本篇文章的主要目的也是希望对我们所学的高级英语中所常运用的修辞手法加以分析巩固，以达到将来运用到自己的写作中的目的。

在《高级英语》的讲授中,修辞教学是很重要的一环,而以往的修辞教学偏重于教授学生法则和定律,让学生通过照搬法则和定律来判定句子中修辞手法的运用,其结果是学生只知其然而不知其所以然。

本文将从常规关系理论角度及其实例分析出发,讨论隐喻和排比的作用,进而探讨《高级英语》中的修辞教学问题,为同学在《高级英语》的修辞手法的进一步理解与应用打开一条新的思路,同时增强我们参与课堂教学的积极性与能动性,提高我们综合素质和创新能力。

Preface:

IntheAdvancedEnglish,differentkindsofrhetoricdevicesareusedfrequently.Suchasmetaphor、parallelism、pun、simile、personification、symbolic、repetition、onomaotpoeia、rhetoricquestion、alliteration、contrastandsoon.TakebookIasanexample,wehavelearnttenunits,ineachunit,wecanseemanykindsoffigureofspeech.Whytheyareusedsomuch?

Becausetheycanmakeourtextsmorewonderful、colorfulandmoreappreciative.Ifwecangraspthemverywell,thenapplythemtoourwriting,evenourfuturethesisandanyotherworks,ourwritingandspeakinggoalscouldbeachievedbetter.So,let’senterthepapertoappreciatesomeofthem.

Text:

首先，让我们先简单地看一下除隐喻和排比之外、在高级英语中出现频率比较高的几种修辞及其例子：

1.simile明喻

与汉语的明喻基本相同,是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系。

常用来表示明喻的标志性词语有like,as,asif,asthough等。

Forexample:

:

Learningislikerowingupstream;nottoadvanceistodropback.学如逆水行舟,不进则退。

Mylove'slikeared,redrose.我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰。

Childhoodislikeaswiftlypassingdream.童年就像一场疾逝的梦。

2.metonymy转喻

转喻类似于汉语中的借代修辞,是通过相近的联想,借喻体代替本体,它根本不说出本体事物,直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。

用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。

比如用theWhiteHouse代替美国政府或者总统，用thebottle来代替wine或者alcohol，用thebar来代替thelegalprofession，用crown代替king等。

3.personification拟人

拟人是把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写,赋予无生命之物以感情和动作或是把动物人格化。

Forexample:

Thenightcrawledslowlylikeawoundedsnake,andsleepdidnotvisitRainsford.

黑夜像受伤的蛇一样缓缓爬来,睡眠没有造访雷斯福特。

（句中"night"和"sleep"通过只适用于动物和人的"crawl"和"visit"两个动词被拟人化。

）

Theflowersnoddedtoherwhileshepassed.当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。

Thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.风穿过树丛，树叶哗哗作响。

4.hyperbole夸张

夸张是一种故意言过其实,或夸大或缩小事物的形象,借以突出事物的某种特征或品格的修辞格。

Forexample:

MostAmericansrememberMarkTwainasthefatherofHuckFinn’sidylliccruisethrougheternalboyhoodandTomSawyer’sendlesssummeroffreedomandadventure.（eternal和endless都是夸张用语,表示哈克•费恩童年时期田园般的旅游和汤姆•索亚夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事都已成为永恒不朽之作。

）

5.onomatopoeia拟声

拟声是词模拟人及其他有生命或无生命物的声音。

如:

Thedoorbangedshut.门砰地一声关上了。

6.alliteration押头韵

头韵指重复出现首字母相同的单词,起到突出重点、加深印象、平衡节奏的作用。

Forexample:

Hisdedication,determinationanddisciplineimpressedusdeeply.他的投入、执着和自律深深打动了我们。

LongandloudlylittleLilylaughed.小莉莉长时间地、大声地笑着。

Thewindowswavedviolentlyinthewind.窗户在风中剧烈地摇动。

Thesunsankslowly.太阳慢慢地下沉。

7.euphemism委婉语

委婉语是用婉转、客气的说法来代替直截了当的话,把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬的语言温和、含蓄地表达出来。

如:

Hisoldfriendissleepinghere—butforever.他的老朋友长眠于此。

（用sleep代替die一词。

）

用tofallasleep;toceasethinking;topassaway;togotoheaven;toleaveus代替todie

用lowincomebrackets;underprivileged;disadvantaged代替poorpeople

8.irony反语

反语就是说反话,即用反面的话来表达正面的意思。

如:

Onherbirthday,theoldlaymerelyreceivedacheckfromherdeardaughter,nothingmore.Whatalovelypresent!

这位老妇人生日时只收到了她亲爱的女儿寄来的一张支票。

这是多么好的礼物啊！

（很明显这不是一个让人满意的礼物。

）

Bytheway,asfarasIamconcerned,metaphorandparallelismareusedthemostinAdvancedEnglish.Now,let’sanalysemetaphorfirst.

metaphor（暗喻）

暗喻也是一种比喻,但不用比喻词,因此被称为"缩减了的明喻（acompressedsimile）"。

它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征,用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。

如:

Andyet,whilemostofusareonlytooreadytoapplytoothersthecoldwindofcriticism,wearesomehowreluctanttogiveourfellowsthewarmsunshineofpraise.

但是,尽管我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风,却不知何故不愿意给我们的同伴赞扬的阳光。

（该句中,将criticism比喻成coldwind,将praise比喻成warmsunshine,但是未使用任何比喻词,因此为暗喻。

）

Hehasaheartofstone.他有一颗铁石心肠（把他的heart比作stone）。

Theworldisastage.世界是一个大舞台（把world比作stage）。

“aseaoftroubles”“忧愁之海（把troubles比作sea）”

“Alltheworld'sastage”（Shakespeare）“整个世界一台戏”（莎士比亚）

LookatsomeanotherexamplesfromtheAdvancedEnglish:

1、“Thedye-market,thepottery-marketandthecarpenters’marketlieelsewhereinthemazeofvaultedstreetswhichhoneycombthisbazaar.”

Inthedescriptionofthemarketfordye,theauthorusedametaphor,thatpotteryandcarpenterareinotherpartsofthisbazaarwhichislikeamaze,becausethestreetpiercingthebazaarfromalldirectionscutthebazaarintosmallsections.

2、

（1）“Seldomhasacitygainedsuchworldrenown,andIamproudandhappytowelcomeyoutoHiroshima,atownknownthroughouttheworldforits-oysters.”

（2）“Therearetwodifferentschoolsofthoughtinthiscityofoysters,onewouldliketopreservetracesofthebomb,andtheotherthatwouldliketogetridofeverything,eventhemonumentthatwaserectedatthepointofimpact.”

Bothofthetwosentencesuse“oysters”.Thistexttellsus

“Hiroshima-theliveliestCityinJapan”.Whydidtheauthormentionoysterandithasbeenusedmorethanonce?

BecausetheoysterisakindofsymbolizedobjectinJapanesehistory.Here,theauthoruseditasametaphortoimplythewholedevelopmentandhistoryofHiroshima.Fromthedevelopmentwehaveseen,weknowthatwhenthepeopletheresharethedevelopmentofthecity,theywillnotforgetthehistorythecityhadexperienced.

3、“bobbedupanddownrepeatedlyinlittlebows”

Here,heusedmetaphortoshowthefunnyshapesoftheJapanesewhentheybow,thattheybowrepeatedlyandneedtomovetheirbodiesupanddown.Wecanimaginetheirhumorousbehaviorinourmind,itbecomesvividatonce.

4、“Iaskedwhetherforhim,thearchanti-Communist,thiswasnotbowingdowninthehouseofRimon”

ItmeansthatIaskedhimwhetherhewasnotchanginghispositionfromopposingcommunismtosupportingit.And“bowingdowninthehouseofRimon”usedmetaphortoexpressChurchillwillchangehisbelief—againstcommunism.

5、“IseetheRussiasoldiersstandingonthethresholdoftheirnativeland,guardingthefieldswhichtheirfathershavetilledfromtimeimmemorial.”

Here‘threshold’usedasametaphor,itsoriginalmeaningisimportantplace,suchasthegroundattheentrancetoaroomorbuilding,thelevelatwhichsomethingstartstohappenorthetimewhenyouarejustabouttostartsomethingorlookforsomething.Buthereitimpliesthebattlefrontandtheboundaryline.Tosomedegree,itbecomesmoreconcrete.

6、“Behindallthisglare,behindallthisstorm”

Inessential,‘glare’meansstronglightthathurtsyoureyes,and‘storm’meansverybadweather,withalotofrain,strongwinds.Buttheauthor’strueintentionofusingthesetwowordsistopointtothehostility,tragedyanddisasterthathadhappenedintheWorldWarⅡ.

7、“UnlikethehulkingCalibanofvacuumtubesandtangledwires”

IttellsusthatthevacuumtubesandtangledwireslookheavyandclumsylikeaCaliban.Asweallknow,Calibanisanuglyslave,whichisfromoneofShakespear’sworks—storm.Theauthorusedittodescribethevacuumtubesandtangledwires,asiftheywereactiveandhadlife,butuglyandstrange.Hegavetheimaginativespace.

Fromtheaboveexamples,wecanseethattheyhaveasimilarity—allthesentenceswhichhaveusedmetaphorareimaginativeandvivid.Asifthesentencesareactive.Whenweusemetaphortodescribesomething,thecharacteristicscanbedescribedvividlyandconcretely,sothatwewouldhaveadistinctanddeepimpressiononthethingsthathavebeendescribedasmetaphor.Inaddition,ifweusemetaphornarratesomething,weusuallycanusesomethingthatiseasyandwehaveknownaboutwelltodescribe,asaresult,wecanunderstanditclearlyanddeeply.Notonlythesentenceitself,butalsotheparagraphandthetextcanbemorecolorful.

Next,let’slookatsomeexamplesofparallelism:

parallelism排比

排比是指使用两个或两个以上结构相同或相似的句子或句子成分表达相近或相关内容的修辞方法,其特点在于句式整齐、节奏分明、语言简练、内容突出。

1、“Thedinofthestall-holderscryingtheirwares,ofdonkey-boysandportersclearingawayforthemselvesbyshoutingvigorously,andofwould-bepurchasersarguingandbargingiscontinuousandmakesyoudizzy.”

“Thedin”isthesubjectofthissentences,thepredicativepartis“iscontinuousandmakesyoudizzy”.Therearethreephrasesabout“of”tomodifythedin.Thereisawayofparallelism.Obviously,thesentencehasbecomepowerfulandcanconvincethereaderseasily.Also,wecanfeeltheatmosphereofthebazaarissoactive.

2、“Thepast,withitscrimes,itsfollies,anditstragedies,flashesaway”

First,‘crimes,follies,tragedies’threenounsappearedasparallelismmakethesentencepressedforceful,alsoitcontructsthegrandeurofthefollowingparallel.Secondly,theauthorusedthewayofrepetition,‘flashesaway’appearedrepeatedlyinthelastsentence,theaimistostressontheauthor’spointthat“allthisflashesawaybeforethespectaclewhichisnowunfolding”.Finally,ithasusedasaperiodicsentence,thatistosay,wecan’tknowthemajormeaningofthesentenceuntiltheendofit.Frommyownanalysis,weknowitiswell-organizedandexpressedalot.

3、“IseeRussiasoldiersstandingonthethresholdofthenativeland,guardingthefieldswhichtheirfathershavetilledfromtimeimmemorial.Iseethemguardingtheirhomeswheremothersandwivespray—ah,yes,fortherearetimeswhenallpray—forthesafetyoftheirlovedones,thereturnofthebread-winner,oftheirchampion,oftheirprotector.IseethetenthousandvillagesofRussiawherethemeansofexistenceiswrungsohardlyfromthesoil,butwheretherearestillprimordialhumanjoys,wheremaidenslaughandchildrenplay.IseeadvancinguponallthisinhideousonslaughttheNaziwarmachine,withitsclanking,heel-clic