新世纪第二届现代汉语语法国际研讨会暨第八届现代汉语语.docx
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新世纪第二届现代汉语语法国际研讨会暨第八届现代汉语语.docx
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新世纪第二届现代汉语语法国际研讨会暨第八届现代汉语语
新世纪第二届现代汉语语法国际研讨会(暨第八届现代汉语语…(ThesecondInternationalSymposiumonModernChinesegrammarinthenewcentury(andtheeighthmodernChineselanguage)...)
Languagescience,2003(6):
3-11
PragmaticrestrictionsontheforwardshiftofChineseinterrogativewords
Fromthepointofquestion----
NanchangUniversity,LuBingfu,XuYangchun
Summary:
AccordingtoXuLiejiong,LiuDanqing(1998:
97-101)isproposedtoanalyzethequestionofthetopic,pointsoutthemainfactorsleadingtothequestionwordforwardistheheightoftheT(identifiability),insteadofthetopic,sothatthetopicisthecategoryof"topic"intheedgemember.
Thispaperarguesthatthemovementofthetopic-likewh-wordinChineseonsurfaceismotivatedbyneithertopicnessliketypicaltopics,norfocusnesslikeEnglishwh-words,butidentifiability.ItsuggeststhatthismovementisconsistentwithothermovementsinChinese,
Keywords:
contrastivegrammar,pragmatics,interrogativemovement,gender,distinction,
Comparative,syntax,pragmatics,Wh-word,movement,referentiality,identifiability
0Introduction:
seeminglycontradictoryconcepts----"interrogativetopics""
XuLiejiongandLiuDanqing(1998:
97-101)putforwardtheconceptof"topicfocus".Itisgenerallybelievedthattheconceptsofoldinformation,topic,highdefinitionandframebackgroundcanformaprototypecategory,whichisoppositetotheprototypecategorycomposedofnewinformation,ChenShu,lowfinger,andimagefocus.Thegroupingoftopicsandfocusesisobviouslyunnaturalandmarkedbymatching.Thenaturalcombinationofstrangeandunnaturalcombinationsisworthstudying.Besides,topicandfocusarethemostbasicconceptsinpragmatics,sothestudyoftopicfocusisofgreattheoreticalsignificance.
XuandLiudiscusstopicsthatfocusonthreemaincategories.Oneisageneralemphasisontopicssuchas:
(1)Sunday,ah,verycrowded.
WhenitisstressedonSunday,itisboththefocusofthemessageandthesubjectofthelaterstatement.Let'srefertothetopicinthelaterthirdsections.
Anotherfocusofthetopicbytheuniversalityofcomposition,asthefollowingexamplein"Laowang".
(2)evenLaoWangcouldnotstandit.
(3)hemetLaoZhangbothathomeandabroad.
LuJianming(1987)believesthatthiskindofuniversalitycomponentsisthesubjectratherthanthetopic.ThisisinaccordancewithXuandLiu'sviews.However,bothsideshaveadoptedamorecautiousattitudetowardsthedistinctionbetweentheseelementsandadverbials.LuJianmingbelievesthattheboundariesbetweensubjectsandsubjectsareclearinChinese,andsomeoperablecriteriaareputforward.Butintheend,thereisnogoodcriteriontodistinguishbetweensubjectandadverbial.Xu,Liu(P.199)likethat(3)inthe"Hui","asadverbialandtopicsarenottheproblem,itisverydifficultasthesubject,thesubjectisthatunlessbackposition,whileLuJianming'sstartingpointistodistinguishbetweentopicandsubject."LuBingfu"(2003b)onthebasisoftheabovetwopointsofview,specificallydemonstratedthatsuchcomponentsareindeedadverbial.Therearethreemainpointsinhisargument.Thiskindof"wholequantitycomponent"means"scope"andbelongstothebasicmeaningcategoryofadverbial.Two.Distributionwithadverb,adverbial,wholecomplement.ThreeinHungarianandotherforeignlanguages,suchelementsareneitherinthetopicnorinthesubjectposition,butbetweenthem.Thetopicofthiskindoftopicisnolongerdiscussed.
Thisthesisfocusesonthirdtypesoftopicfocus,thatis,theinterrogativefocusthatappearsinthetopicposition
(4)whichbookdoyoulikebest?
HuangZhengde(Huang1982)holdsthattheinterrogativewordsinChinese,thoughnotliketheinterrogativewordsinEnglish,mustmovetotheheadatthesurface,butinthedeeperlogic,theyalsomoveforwardlikeenglish.However,HuangdidnotmakemuchanalysisoftheinterrogativewordsinChinesethatcanbemovedtotheheadofthesentence.
Confuciusinhis"spiritsandpragmaticattitudefrom"thetalk"isknown,howcanyouknowdeath";mean,toseetheworldstilldidnotunderstand,howcannotseethemistyunderstandingoftheothersideoftheworld?
Wenowfollowthepragmaticattitudeofourancestors,andthinkthat"theunknownsurface,butthedeeperknowledge";therefore,wedonotdiscussthemovementoftheinterrogativesentenceattheabstractlevel,andthesurfaceoftheanalysis,theinterrogativewordsmoved.Let'ssee:
whatarethefeaturesofthiskindofsurfaceinterrogativewordsthatcanmovetotheheadofasentence?
Whataretheconstraintsofmovement?
.
1,thequestioniscloselyrelatedtothehighreferentialnature
ItisgenerallybelievedthattheforwardshiftofEnglishinterrogativewordsisthefocusmovement.Thefocusofthetopic,asthenamesuggests,is,ofcourse,thefocus.ThequestioniswhetherthefocusisonthecauseofthemovementLet'stakealookatthecorpus.
XuLiejiongandLiuDanqing(1998:
261)summedupthethreerestrictionsontheforwardshiftofinterrogativesentences:
first,thesentenceexpressesrhetoricalquestionsratherthangenuinequestions(atthispointthewholesentencehasthemeaningofafullscaleproposition):
(5)whatdidhedowell?
!
(5)thetruemeaning"whathearenotgood,inessencewiththeuniversalityofsentencestructuresimilarity.
Two,thereareobviouscontrastingtopics:
(6)whatonearthdoyouwanttoeat,andwhatshouldnotbeeaten?
Thethreeistheinterrogativeword,andapartoftheaboveappearstohaveapartialrelationshipwiththewhole:
(7)whichoneMissWangandXiaoChenLiacancomparewith?
(8)wehavealotofsofasinourshop.Whichonedoyoulike?
Alltheinterrogativewordscanberestoredtotheiroriginalposition(objectposition).Ofcourse,theinterrogativewordsin(5)and(6)canalsobemovedforwardfromthepositionofthesubjectafterthesubjecttothesubjecttopicbeforethesubject,saying,"whatishedoingwell?
""And"whatexactlydoyouwanttoeat?
Whatdon'tyoueat?
".Thesemovementsareoptional,notmandatory.Wecanalsofindmandatoryquestionsthatappearinthemaintopic.
(9)A.whocanlivewithoutothers?
B.?
Whatmancannotlivewhileheisalive?
(10)A.,whohateseverybody(him)butdarenotoffendhim?
B.*everybodyhatespeople,butdoesn'tdaretooffendanyone?
The"man"heremustbemorelikeafulltopicinthebeginningandformofthesentence.(9a)itisawkwardtochange(9b),especiallywhenthereisnoobviouspausebetween"who"and"alive",thatis,whenthequestionwordsarenotdealtwithasanadvancetopic.(10a)theword"10B"alsomeans"totalchange".Similarexamples,aswellas"whatbook,everyonereadwillsay?
""Wait.
Wenoticethattheinterrogativewordsthatappearinthetopicpositionmustbehighlydirected.Thiscanbeseenfromsomeofthefollowingcontrasts.
(11)whichbookdoyoulike,A.?
(answer:
"this/thatbook"andsoon
B.?
Whatbookdoyoulike?
(answer:
"complicatedplot","class"referstosexualunits)
C.?
Whatkind/whatkindofbooksdoyoulike?
(answer:
ibid.)
D.*what/howdoyoulikeit?
(answer:
"this/that"andotherpredicateunits)
Theappropriateanswer(11a)whwordsarereferredtoas"this/thebook";(11b-c)intheappropriateanswertotheabovequestionwordisthattheword"complexbook"andsoon,isnotdefinite;theappropriateanswertotheabovequestionword(11d)inthewords"thisisthe"/(ifthequestion,setup)isthepredicateunits,notstrictlyidentifiableunits.Itcanbeseenthatwhethertheinterrogativewordscanmoveforwardisrelatedtothequalityofthedesiredanswers.
Thedistinctionbetween"what"and"what"canbeseenfromthefollowingexample.
(12)A.whichbookis"thescholars"?
B.*whatbookis"thescholars"?
"What"referstotheinterrogativewordof"othersex",sowhichbookisthesubjectofthesentence.And"what"isnot.
Interestingly,(11b-c)insteadofaddinga"most"to".":
(13)whatbooks/booksdoyoulikebest?
Itsqualificationgreatlyincreased.Thisisbecausethereisa"most",theanswerreferstothescopeofmorespecialized,morespecific,thatis,theincreaseofthereference,soitiseasiertosubject.Thesuperlativecontainstheuniqueness,andtheonlythingistheother.AsinEnglish,allnounsandphrasesmodifiedbythesuperlativeadjectivesaredefined,andthedefinitearticle"the"shouldbeused."Thesun"and"Moon"aretheonlythingsinEnglish,anddefinitearticlesareusedinEnglishaswell.Alltheseindicatethehighrelevanceofthesuperlative,uniqueness,andgender.
Inaddition,negativeformcanalsoimprovethequalificationofinterrogativepronounsinadvance.
(14)A.?
What?
/whatkindofbooksdoyoulike?
B.what/whatkindofbooksdoyoudislike?
Althoughtheunmarkedinterpretationof(14b)isarhetoricalquestion,itdoesnotrejectthepossibilityofbeingatrueinterrogativesentence.Whydoestheobjectincreasewhentheverbisnegated?
Onepossibleexplanationisthat"Negation"means"exclusion",andtheprocessofremovingthecognitiveprocessissimplerthanthecognitiveprocessofidentifyingthesignified,andthusthenegationofthesignifiedisalsoeasiertoobtain.Andthisimpliesahighdegreeoffingerpointing.Thenegativeelementstendtomoveforward.Thisphenomenonseemstobeuniversalinhumanlanguage.Forexample,inancientChinese,thepronouninthenegativeformshouldbemovedforward.Onthecontrary,thenegativecomponentismorepronetopostposition,asfarasIknow,
It'snotfoundyet.Asfortherelationshipbetweengenderand"easytorecognize",wewilldiscussitlaterinthe
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