A Glimpse of Chinese Culture《中国文化概论》讲义chapters 18.docx
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A Glimpse of Chinese Culture《中国文化概论》讲义chapters 18.docx
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AGlimpseofChineseCulture《中国文化概论》讲义chapters18
Chapter1
TheOriginofChineseCulture
文化词汇
Confucianphilosophy儒家哲学Confucius孔子Mencius孟子
thedescendantsofYanandHuang炎黄子孙
theSpringandAutumnandtheWarringStatesPeriods春秋战国时期
TheArtofWar《孙子兵法》porcelain瓷器
三皇五帝ThreeEmperorsandFiveSovereigns)
Gregoriancalendar/solarcalendar格里高利历,是国际通用的历法,即公历
lunarcalendar阴历
theTwenty-fourSolarTerms二十四节气
ChineseZodiac生肖
ChineseCulture---PastandPresent
Chinesehistorybeganwithtwolegendaryfigures—EmperorHuangandEmperorYan,who,togetherwiththeirtribes,inhabitedthedrainageareaalongthemiddlereaches(中游)oftheYellowRiver.BythetimeofXiaDynasty,aftercenturiesoflivingsidebyside,thesetwotribeshadgraduallymergedinto(合并,融合)one.Consequently,theChinesepeopleusuallycallthemselves“thedescendantsofYanandHuang”.Peopleatthattimebelievedthatthelandtheylivedonwasthecenteroftheworld,andcalledtheirstatethe"MiddleKingdom"(中国),thusgivingChinaitscountryname.
TraditionalChinesecultureisrecordednotonlyinhistorybooksanddocuments,butalsoinarcheologicalrecords(考古记载),suchasancientcitywalls,palaces(宫殿),temples(寺庙),pagodas(宝塔),andgrottos(洞窟);artifacts(史前古器物),suchasbronzeobjects,weapons,bronzemirrors,coins,jadeandpotteryobjects,andcurios;andfolkculture,includingsonganddance,embroidery(刺绣),cuisine(烹饪),clothing,teaceremonies,drinkinggames,lanterns,riddles,martialarts(武术),chessandkites.Withacontinuoushistoryof5,000years,ithasundergonefrequenttransformationstoproducearichandvitalculturalheritage.
Inthemodernday,withtheriseofwesterneconomicandmilitarypowerbeginninginthemid-19thcentury,WesternsystemsofsocialandpoliticalorganizationhavegainedadherentsinChina.Indeed,withintoday’sglobalizedenvironment,modernculturesinteractandcooperateincreasinglymorewitheachother.China’scultureofthefuturewillmostlikelyreflectthiscross-culturaldimension.Thus,obtainingasolidunderstandingofChina’scultureofthepastisnecessaryinordertosuccessfullyembraceallthattheculturehastooffertotheworld.
TheAppellationofChina
Chinaistheappellationofourcountrygivenbyforeigners.TheporcelainchinaisthetransliterationoftheplacenameChangnan(昌南),whichwastheoldnameforJingdezhen(景德镇).TheporcelainmadeinChangnanwassmoothandbright,andearnedanothernameofartificialjade.ItbecamefamousbothhomeandabroadandwasexportedtoEuropeinlargequantities.
Astimepassed,peopleinEuropeforgotthemeaningofChangnanandswitchedtheoriginalmeaningofporcelainoftheword“china”totheplaceofitsorigin.
TheAlternativeNamesofChina
⏹Chixian,Shenzhou(赤县、神州)
⏹Jiuzhou(九州)
⏹Hua(华)
⏹Huaxia(华夏)
⏹Zhonghua(中华)
⏹Hainei(海内)
ChineseMythology
ChineseMythologyisacollectionofculturalhistory,folktales(民间故事),andreligionsthathavebeenpasseddowninoralorwrittenform.Chinesemythologyissimilartomodernreligioninthattheybothbelieveinrelationshipsbetweenmankindandahigherpower.
Historianshaveconjectured(推测)thatChinesemythologybeganin12thcenturyBC(closetothetimeoftheTrojanWar特洛伊战争).Themythsandlegendswerepasseddowninoralformforoverathousandyears,beforebeingwrittendowninearlybooksuchasShuiJingZhuandShanHaiJing.
Theclassificationofmyth神话的分类
Creationmyth创世神话:
NvwaCreatedMan(女娲造人)
Heromyth英雄神话:
HouyiShootingtheSun(后羿射日)
Warmyth战争神话:
YellowEmperorTackledHuman-God(黄帝擒蚩尤)
CulturalMosaic
HeavenlyStemsandEarthlyBranches
ThestandardGregoriancalendarisgenerallyreferredtoasthesolarcalendarinChina.ThetraditionalChineselunarcalendar,alsoknownastheJiazicalendar,countstheyearsinsixty-yearcyclesbycombiningtwoseriesofnumbers---the10HeavenlyStemsand12EarthlyBranches.
TheTwenty-fourSolarTerms
ThetraditionalChineselunaryearisdividedintotwenty-foursolarterms,accordingtothepositionofthesunontheeclipticinrelationshiptotheearth.Thesolartermsdesignateagriculturalperiods,andcanpredictchangingseasonalconditions,temperature,andweatherthroughoutthecourseoftheyear.Theyareextremelyimportanttoagriculturalproduction.
Changesinthefourseasonsaredeterminedbyeightsolarterms:
立春(theBeginningofSpring),春分(theSpringEquinox),立夏(theBeginningofSummer),夏至(theSummerSolstice),立秋(theBeginningofAutumn),秋分(theAutumnalEquinox),立冬(theBeginningofWinter),冬至(theWinterSolstice)
Changesintemperatureareindicatedbyfivesolarterms:
小暑SlightHeat,大暑GreatHeat,处暑theLimitofHeat,小寒SlightCold,大寒GreatCold
Changingweatherconditionsareindicatedbysevensolarterms:
雨水RainWater,谷雨GrainRain,白露WhiteDew,寒露ColdDew,霜降Frost'sDescent,小雪SlightSnow,大雪GreatSnow.
Recurringnaturalphenomenaareindicatedbyfoursolarterms:
惊蛰theWakingofInsects,清明PureBrightness,小满GrainFull,芒种GraininEar
ChineseZodiac
Inancienttimes,ourancestorscountedtheyearswith10heavenlystemsand12earthlybranches.Althoughthiswasscientific,mostpeoplewereilliterateandcouldnotmemorizeorcalculateeasily.Thustheanimalsthatinfluencedpeople'sliveswerechosentosymbolizetheterrestrialbranches:
therat,ox,tiger,rabbit,dragon,snake,horse,sheep,monkey,rooster,dogandpig.
Chapter2CulinaryCulture
文化词汇
culinary厨房的,烹饪的;烹调用的
cuisine烹饪,烹调法;菜肴
mainfood主食,主粮(staplefood)
Firetemperature火候
foodtonic食补
“Foodisthefirstnecessityofthepeople”(“民以食为天。
”)
“Governingagreatnationislikecookingasmallfish-toomuchhandlingwillspoilit.”(Lao-tzu,Chinesephilosopher)(“治大国若烹小鲜。
”)
Wellfed,wellbred.衣食足,而后知礼节。
“Thereisneitherrejectiontohisricebeingofthefinestquality,nortohismeatbeingfinelyminced.”(食不厌精,脍不厌细).
AgeneralintroductionofChinesefood
Chinesecuisine(菜肴)iswidelyseenasrepresentingoneoftherichestandmostdiverseculinary(烹饪的)cuisinesandheritagesintheworld.
AmealinChinesecultureistypicallyseenasconsistingoftwoormoregeneralcomponents:
Zhushi(mainfood)---typicallyrice,noodles,ormantou(steamedbun),andaccompanyingdishesofvegetables,meat,fish,orotheritems,knownascai(dish)intheChineselanguage.ThisculturalconceptualizationisinsomewaysincontrasttocuisinesofNorthernEuropeandtheUSA,wheremeatoranimalprotein(蛋白质)isoftenconsideredthemainfood(主食).
RiceisacriticalpartofmuchofChinesecuisine.However,innorthernChina,wheat-basedproductsincludingnoodlesandsteamedbunspredominate(占支配地位).Soupisusuallyservedattheendofameal.However,insouthernChinaitismoreoftenservedatthestartofameal.
Foodsymbolism
InChina,foodsaregivenparticularmeanings,sothatincertainoccasionatypeoffood,canonlybeeatenbysomespecificindividuals,ormustbeeateninspecificoccasion.
TheChinesewordforfish“Yu”soundslikethewordabundance(盈余).Asaresult,fishisalwaysservedtosymbolizeaccumulationsofprosperityandwealthwiththeNewYear'sEvemeals.Inaddition,thefishisservedwhole,withtheheadandthetailattached,symbolizingagoodbeginningandendingforthecomingyear.
Longnoodleisthesymboloflongevity(长寿)inChineseculture.TheyareasmuchapartofChinesebirthdaycelebrationsasabirthdaycakewithlitcandlesinmanycountries,sothatyoungstersorseniorsallwillhaveabowlofLongLifeNoodleintheexpectationofahealthylife.
TheChinesebelieveeggssymbolizefertility.Afterababyisborn,parentsmayholda“redeggandgingerparty”,wheretheyserveroundhard-boiledeggstoannouncethebirth.
Seeds---lotusseeds(莲子),watermelonseeds,etc.---representbearingmanychildreninChineseculture.InaChinesewedding,peopleoftenputreddates(红枣),peanuts,Longan,andlotusseedsonthebedofthenewcouple,representingtheywillreproduceverysoon.
Chinesecookingart
Thecompletepresenceofcolor,shape,aroma(芳香,香味)andflavor(色香味形俱全)
Color:
Tohaveabright,pleasedandharmoniouscolorisoneofthemainprincipleswhencookingChinesefood.
Shape:
Shapemainlydependsonmethodsofcutting.
Aroma:
Aromameansthefragrantandappetizingsmellofthedishes.
Flavor:
Flavorreferstotastingthefood:
salty,sweet,sour,bitter,hot,etc.
CookingMethods
Timeandtemperatureplayanimportantroleincooking.
Theyincludeboiling(煮),stewing(煲/炖),braising(烧/焖/烩),frying(煎),stir-frying(炒),quick-frying(爆),deep-frying(炸),fryingandsimmering(扒),sautéing(快煎),simmering(煨),smoking(熏),roastingorbarbecuing(烤),baking(烘),steaming(蒸)andscalding(白灼).
Seasonings
Tastemainlydependsontheseasonings.
Therearemanytastes—salty(salt,soysauce),sweet(sugar,honey),sour(vinegar),pungent(chili,ginger,scallion葱),fragrant(sesameoil香油,coriander香菜,wine),prickled(麻的)(pricklyash花椒)andtangy(monosodiumglutamateorMSG味精)andbitter(driedtangerine陈皮,bitterapricotkernel苦杏仁).
EightCuisines
Chinaisavastcountrywithdiverseclimate,customs,products,andhabits.Peopleincoastalareaspreferseafoodandaquatic(水产的)products,whereasthoseincentralandnorthwestChinaeatmoredomesticanimalsandpoultry.Alltogether,themostinfluentialandtypicalknownbythepublicarethe'EightCuisines'.Theseareasfollows:
ShandongCuisine,SichuanCuisine,GuangdongCuisine,FujianCuisine,JiangsuCuisine,ZhejiangCuisine,HunanCuisine,andAnhuiCuisine.
Tablemanners
Ataformalbanquet,thehostpreparesadequateseatingfortheguests.Foralargenumberofguests,theelderlyorpeopleofhighstatusareallocatedspecificseats.Specialguestsan
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