四级阅读方法47篇阅读资料.docx
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四级阅读方法47篇阅读资料.docx
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四级阅读方法47篇阅读资料
第二部分阅读
第一章 仔细阅读理解(CarefulReading)
1.1仔细阅读理解简介
1.1.1大纲要求
1.1.2仔细阅读的考查重点
1.1.3常见考查题型
(1)细节类
(2)推理类
(3)主旨类
1.1.4四级阅读文章特点
1.2仔细阅读理解命题规律及应试技巧
1.2.1列举处常考
列举处指的是First,…,Second,…,Third,…等逐步列出,然后要求考生从列出的内容中,选出符合题干要求的答案项。
该考点常出题型是“细节事实题”。
例:
Atthirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantpressures:
firstly,asmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehaveabsolutelyinaccordancewiththelaw.Secondly,asexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlydoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways.
Q:
What'sthepoliceman'sbiggestheadache?
A)Hehastogetthemostdesirableresultswithoutbreakingthelawinanyway.
B)Hehastojustifyhisarrestswhileunabletoprovidesufficientevidenceinmostcases.
C)Hecanhardlyfindenoughtimetolearncriminallawwhileburdenedwithnumerouscriminalcases.
D)Hehastoprovidethebestpossiblepublicserviceattheleastpossibleexpense.
1.2.2举例子打比喻的地方常考
为了使自己的观点更有说服力、更加明确,作者经常用具体的例子打比方,句中常由as,suchas,forexample,forinstance等引导的短语或句子作为举例句,这些例句或比喻成为命题者提问的焦点。
考生需注意的是例子或比喻一般是和文章或段落中心紧密相关的,常以“细节事实性”题型和“推断性”题型出现,但偏向于“推断性”题型。
例:
…However,veryfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmedia,particularlybytelevision.Andyet,wehaveavividacquaintingwiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreader,listeners,andviewers.Evenso,trueunderstandingofthejournalisticinterview,especiallytelevisioninterviews,requiresthoughtfulanalysesandevenstudy,asthisbookindicates.
Q:
Thepassageismostlikeapartof__________.
A)anewsarticle
B)ajournalisticinterview
C)aresearchreport
D)apreface
1.2.3引用人物论断处常考
作者为了正确表达出自己观点或使论点更有依据,常常引用某名人的论断或重要发现等。
命题者常在此作文章。
多以“推断性”题为主,有时也出“细节事实性”题型。
例:
“Thereisasenselessnotionthatchildrengrewupandleavehomewhenthey’re18,andthetruthisfarfromthat,”sayssociologistLarryBumpersoftheUniversityofWisconsin….
Q:
TherewasapparentlyatrendintheUSA________.
A)foryoungadultstoleavetheirparentsandliveindependently
B)formiddleclassyoungadultstostaywiththeirparents
C)formarriedyoungadultstomovebackhomeafteralengthyabsence
D)forgoingadultstogetjobsnearbyinordertolivewiththeirparents
1.2.4转折处与强对比处常考
一般而言,转折后的内容常常是语义的重点,命题者常对转折处的内容进行提问。
转折一般通过however,but,yet,infact等词或短语来引导。
强对比常由unlike,until,notsomuch…as等词或短语引导。
命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。
此类考点常出现在逻辑推理型题中,少数出现于其它题型中。
例:
Someobserverssaythefaultiswiththeyoungpeople….Butthatisacondemnationofthestudentsasawhole….Othersblamethestateoftheworld…Butdisappointedgraduatesarelearningthatitcannolongerabsorbanarmyoftrainedtwenty-two-year-oldstudents,either.
Q:
Accordingtothepassagetheproblemsofcollegeeducationpartlyarisefromthefactthat_______.
A)societycannotprovideenoughjobsforproperlytrainedcollegegraduates.
B)highschoolgraduatesdonotfitthepatternofcollegeeducation.
C)toomanystudentshavetoearntheirownliving.
D)collegeadministratorsencouragestudentstodropout.
1.2.5复杂句常考
复杂句常是命题者出题之处。
要注意同位语、插入语、定语、长句后半句,从句、不定式、副词等。
命题者主要考查考生对句子之间指代关系的理解,文章段落之间关系的理解。
常以逻辑推理题型出现,包括少量其它题型。
例:
Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable…
Q:
Theword"it"mostprobablyrefersto________.
A)thelackofstablecommunities
B)thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels
C)theincreasedmobilityoffamilies
D)thegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoplace
1.2.6因果句常考
命题者常以文中因果句命制一些考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系的试题,或出些概括文意、段意的试题。
一般以“推理题”和“主旨大意题”出现,兼顾少量其它题型。
表示因果关系的词有:
because,since,for,as,therefore,consequently,resultin,originatefrom等。
例:
Why?
Becausecompanyexecutivesareafraidofthebadpublicitythatwouldresultifthepublicfoundoutthattheircomputerhadbeenmisused.Theyhesitateatthethoughtofacriminalboastinginoperacourtofhow…
Q:
Thepassageismainlyabout______.
A)whycomputercrimesaredifficulttodetectbysystematicinspection
B)whycomputercriminalsareoftenabletoescapepunishment
C)howcomputercriminalsmanagetogetgoodrecommendationsfromtheirformeremployers
D)whycomputercrimescantbeeliminated
1.2.7特殊标点符号后的内容常考
由于特殊标点符号后内容是对前面内容的进一步解释和说明,因此命题者常以标点符号后的内容进行提问。
具体说,特殊标点符号包括:
破折号(表解释);括号(表解释);冒号(表解释);引号(表引用)。
题型一般有推理题,主旨大意题,细节事实题等。
例:
Justhowcriticalthiseyemaneuveringistothemaintenanceofconversationalflowbecomesevidentwhentwospeakersarewearingdarkglasses:
theremaybeasortoftrefoiljamofwordscausedbyinterruption,false,andunpredictablepauses.
Q:
Tokeepaconversationflowingsmoothing,itisbetterfortheparticipants______.
A)nottoweardarkspectacles
B)nottomakeanyinterruptions
C)nottoglanceaway
D)nottomakeunpredictablepauses
1.2.8段首、段尾句常考
在短文中第一段首句或末段末句往往是文章中心思想的表达处;有时某一段的段首,段尾句是该段的主题句。
因此,命题者常在这些地方出题。
题型基本上属主旨大意型。
例:
…“Theythinkthatifyouworkhard,…”Sheadds,Mostwomenandblacks…becauseoftheirsexorcolorthatplaydown(使…不突出)theirvisibility.Heradvicetothosefolk.Learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindingtheirwayintothespotlight.
Q:
Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe_________.
A)RoleofwomenandMinoritiesinManagement
B)TheImportanceofBeingVisible
C)JobPerformanceandAdvancement
D)SexandCareerSuccess
1.3仔细阅读解题步骤和各题型解题思路
1.3.1通读原文
(一)通读哪些内容?
(二)哪些句子不读?
例:
1.“Peopleassumethatofficepoliticsinvolvessomemanipulative(工于心计的)behavior,”saysDeborahComer,anassistantprofessorofmanagementatHofstraUniversity.
2.Arecentstudy,publishedinlastweek’sJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,offersapictureofhowriskyitistogetaliftfromateenagedriver.
1.3.2浏览问题
1.3.3解细节类题
(一)单一细节题
1、细节类问题的常见提问方式。
2、具体解题方法:
(1)细节类题所提问的问题或题干里缺少的部分都是围绕着原文不同信息设计的。
因此,读问题时要特别注意问题中缺少的信息。
因此要读透问题,必须看清楚题目中的关键要素。
因为在读完问题后,下一步就是寻找原文何处涉及到了问题,而问题中已经出现的信息是用来在原文定位的关键。
(2)在原文定位与问题有直接联系的句子。
先根据对问题的理解来回忆是否与刚才通读的段落首尾句有关系,如有,迅速回原文相关位置定位。
四级阅读中,很多细节题可以直接定位在通读的句子上。
如果没有直接联系,则需要按照下面几步走:
(3)审查选项,做出选择。
例题讲解:
Thedeclineinmoralstandards—whichhaslongconcernedsocialanalysts—hasatlastcapturedtheattentionofaverageAmericans.AndJeanBethkeElshtain,forone,isglad.
Thefactthatordinarycitizensarenowstartingtothinkseriouslyaboutthenation'smoralclimate,saysthisethics(伦理学)professorattheUniversityofChicago,isreasontohopethatnewideaswillcomeforwardtoimproveit.
Butthechallengeisnottobeunderestimated.MaterialismandindividualisminAmericansocietyarethebiggestobstacles.“Thethoughtthat'I'minitforme'hasbecomedeeplyrootedinthenationalconsciousness,”Ms.Elshtainsays.
Someofthiscanbeattributedtothedisintegrationoftraditionalcommunities,inwhichneighborslookedoutforoneanother,shesays.Withtoday'sgreatermobilityandwithsomanycouplesworking,thosebondshavebeenweakened,replacedbyagreateremphasisonself.
Ina1996pollofAmericans,lossofmoralitytoppedthelistofthebiggestproblemsfacingtheU.S.AndElshtainsaysthepubliciscorrecttosensethat:
DatashowthatAmericansarestrugglingwithproblemsunheardofinthe1950s,suchasclassroomviolenceandahighrateofbirthstounmarriedmothers.
Thedesireforahighermoralstandardisnotalament(挽歌)forsomenonexistent“goldenage,”Elshtainsays,norisitawishful(一厢情愿的)longingforatimethatdeniedopportunitiestowomenandminorities.Mostpeople,infact,favorthelesseningofprejudice.
Moraldeclinewillnotbereverseduntilpeoplefindwaystocounterthematerialisminsociety,shesays.“Slowly,yourecognizethatthethingsthatmatterarethosethatcan'tbebought.”
通读文章,概括出文章讨论的是“declineinmoralstandards”道德滑坡问题。
通读的句子围绕这个问题展开:
介绍现象,分析原因和推荐解决方案。
这是典型的议论文模式。
1.ProfessorElshtainispleasedtoseethatAmericans________.
A)haveadaptedtoanewsetofmoralstandards
B)arelongingforthereturnofthegoodolddays
C)haverealizedtheimportanceofmaterialthings
D)areawakeningtotheloweringoftheirmoralstandards
2.Whichofthefollowingcharacterizesthetraditionalcommunities?
________.
A)Greatmobility
B)Concernforone'sneighbors
C)Emphasisonindividualeffort
D)Ever-weakeningsocialbonds
3.Inthe1950s,classroomviolence_______.
A)wassomethingunheardof
B)wasbynomeansarareoccurrence
C)attractedalotofpublicattention
D)begantoappearinanalysts'data
4.AccordingtoElshtain,thecurrentmoraldeclinemaybereversed________.
A)ifpeoplecanreturntothe“goldenage”
B)whenwomenandmenenjoyequalrights
C)whenpeopleridthemselvesofprejudice
D)iflessemphasisislaidonmaterialthings
(二)词汇、单句理解题
1、阅读理解中词汇类问题的常见提问方式。
2、猜测词义的几种技巧。
(1)利用上下文词语意义的互相联系猜测词义
例:
Thefishermenmaketheircanoesfromtreetrunks.Theygofromislandtoislandintheselightmarrowboatsandcollectturtles'eggs.
(2)利用文章中词与词的同义和反义关系猜测词义
例:
Ifyouhappenedtobesittinginthewoodsoutsidethecity,youmight havewitnessedastrangesight.Youwouldhaveseenaveryproudlookingman ridingalonghorseback,sayingsomething.
(3)利用文章中对词的定义猜测词义
例:
Suchexperiencesarenotunusualfortheamateurconchologists,peoplewhocollectshells.
(4)利用文章中对词的举例及解释猜测词义
例:
Todayyoungcoupleswhoarejuststartingtheirhouseholdsoftenspendlotsoftheirmoneyonappliances,forinstance,washingmachines,refrigeratorsandcolorTVs.
(
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