激光武器1111讲解.docx
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激光武器1111讲解.docx
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激光武器1111讲解
Mid-InfraredAdvancedChemicalLaser(MIRACL)
TheHighEnergyLaserSystemsTestFacility(HELSTF)islocatedatWhiteSandsMissileRange,NewMexico.HELSTFbecameoperationalonSeptember6,1985whentheAirForceconductedthefirstLethalityandTargetHardening(LTH-l)programtestfortheStrategicDefenseInitiativeOrganization(SDIO).HELSTFhasbeenmanagedbytheU.S.ArmySpaceandStrategicDefenseCommand(USASSDC)sinceOctober1990.Priortothat,thefacilitywasunderthecommandofCommander,WhiteSandsMissileRange.PrimarysupportforoperationandmaintenanceoftheSDC-managedfacilityiscurrentlyprovidedbyLockheedEngineeringandScienceCompany(LESC).TheNavyisresponsiblefortheoperationandmaintenanceoftheMIRACLandtheSEALITEBeamDirectorthroughitscontractors,TRWandHughesAircraft.
HELSTFisdesignatedastheDepartmentofDefense(DoD)NationalTestFacilityforhighenergylasertestandevaluation.HELSTFisthehomeoftheMidInfraredAdvancedChemicalLaser(MIRACL),theUnitedStates'mostpowerfullaser,whichisaCW,megawattclassdeuterium-fluoridelaseroperatinginabandfrom3.6to4.2microns.Inthemorethantenyearssinceoperationsbegan,HELSTFhassupportedabroadrangeofbothlaserandnon-laserrelatedtestactivities.Highenergylasertestshaveincludeddamageandvulnerabilitytestingforallthreeuniformedservicesaswellasmaterialsandchemicalresearchforindustryandacademia.HELSTFrepresentsanapproximate$800millioninvestment,withabout$80millionofthatinmilitaryconstructionfunds.
TheMid-InfraredAdvancedChemicalLaser(MIRACL)wasthefirstmegawatt-class,continuouswave,chemicallaserbuiltinthefreeworld.Itisadeuteriumfluoride(DF)chemicallaserwithenergyspectradistributedamongabout10lasinglinesbetween3.6and4.2micronswavelength.Sinceitfirstlasedin1980,ithasaccumulatedwellover3000secondsoftotallasingtime.ItremainsthehighestaveragepowerlaserintheUS.
MIRACLoperationissimilartoarocketengineinwhichafuel(ethylene,C2H4)isburnedwithanoxidizer(nitrogentrifluoride,NF3).Free,excitedfluorineatomsareoneofthecombustionproducts.Justdownstreamfromthecombustor,deuteriumandheliumareinjectedintotheexhaust.Deuteriumcombineswiththeexcitedfluorinetogiveexciteddeuteriumfluoride(DF)molecules,whiletheheliumstabilizesthereactionandcontrolsthetemperature.Thelaser'sresonatormirrorsarewrappedaroundtheexcitedexhaustgasandopticalenergyisextracted.Thecavityisactivelycooledandcanberununtilthefuelsupplyisexhausted.Thelaser'soutputpowercanbevariedoverawiderangebyalteringthefuelflowratesandmixture.
Thelaserbeamintheresonatorisapproximately21cmhighand3cmwide.Beamshapingopticsareusedtoproducea14cmsquarebeamshapewhichispropagatedthroughtherestofthebeamtrain.Diagnosticsforevaluatingthebeamshape,absolutepowerandintensityprofileareusedoneachfiringofthelaser.ThebeamcanbedirectedtoanumberofdifferenttestareasortotheSLBD.
Capabilities
∙Megawatt-classvariablepower,withgoodbeamquality
∙Continuous-wavemid-infrared(3.8microns)
∙Reliableoperationdemonstratedinmorethan150lasingtestsandover3000secondsoflasetimeduringthelastdecade.
∙70secondsmaximumlaseduration.
ProgramsSupported
∙StaticTargetVulnerabilityTests
oMaterialsandCoatings
oAircraftandMissileComponents
oEffectivenessofLaserHardeningTechniques
∙FlyingTargetVulnerabilityTests
oSubsonicandSupersonicMissileEngagements
∙PropagationPhenomenology
oEffectsofturbulenceandthermalbloomingonHELbeampropagation
oTrackinginPresenceofHigh-PowerBeam
oEffectofObscurants
∙LaserTechnologyR&D
oHigh-PowerAdaptiveOptics
oMaterialWindows
oGratingsandCoatings
∙HELLOCommercializationTests
oAdvancedCoatings
oCloudBoring
oChemicalProcessing
CongresscanceledtheNavySEALITEprogram,aself-defenselethalitydemonstrationusingtheMid-InfraredAdvancedChemicalLaser(MIRACL),inthefallof1983anddirectedtheMIRACLbeinstalledatHELSTFtosupportavarietyoftestsforDoD.TheSEALITEBeamDirector(SLBD)ismountedontopofTestCell1.Itconsistsofalargeaperture(1.8meter)gimbaledtelescopeandopticstopointtheMIRACLorotherlaserbeamontoatarget.Thehighpowerclearapertureis1.5meters.Theremaining0.3metersisnormallyreservedforatrackerusingtheouterannulusoftheprimarymirror.Thesystemisextremelyagileandcapableofhighrotationandaccelerationrates.TheSLBDweighs28,000pounds,ofwhich18,000areonthemovableportion.TheSLBDcanalsobeusedasasensorplatform.
Thetelescopeiscapableoffocusingfromaminimumrangeof400meterstoinfinity.Asuiteofinfraredandvisiblesensorsonthetopofthegimbal(offaxisfromtheHELaperture)isusedtoacquireandtrackthetarget.Thesesensorslookthrougha40cmtelescopethatcanfocusoverthesamerangeastheSLBDtelescopeandalsocorrectforparallaxbetweenthetwolinesofsight.BoresightbetweentheSLBDtelescopeandthesensorismaintainedbyanautomaticlaseralignmentsystem.Inaddition,anaperturesharingelementinthehighpowerbeampathmakesitpossibletotrackatargetthroughthefull1.5metertelescopeapertureevenwhenthehighpowerbeamispropagating.
Theseelementshavebeencombinedintoanintegratedsystemthatcanacquireandtracktargetsatextendedranges,acceptaveryhighenergybeam,focusandaimthebeamonamovingtarget,andkeepthisbeamatthesamepositionaslongasnecessarytodestroyordisablethetarget.TheSLBDhassuccessfullyengagedfiveBQM-34dronesaswellasasupersonicVandalmissile,allattacticallysignificantranges.
Inadditiontodirectingthehighenergylaserbeam,theHELSTFSLBDhasbeenusedverysuccessfullytopassivelytrackandimagemissilesinflight.Theinherentlyprecisepointingofthedeviceanditsabilitytotrackveryhighspeedtargetsmakeitanidealplatformforcapturingin-flightimagery.TheSLBDhasbeenusedasasensorplatformfortrackingandimaginganumberofTheaterMissileDefense(TMD)launchesandintercepts,includingLANCE,ERINT,andLEAP.A1000frame-per-second,digital,infraredcamerahasbeenusedtocollecttwo-dimensionalinterceptmeasurementsfromtargetsandinterceptorsatoverMach6closurerates.CalibratedinfraredsensorsplacedintheSLBD'sopticaltrainhavebeenusedtocollectIRimageryforplumeandhardbodythermalcharacterization.
Capabilities
∙Highline-of-siteratesandaccelerations
∙Primarymirrordiameter:
1.8m
∙Focusrange:
400mtoinfinity
∙Primarytracksensor:
8to12micronFLIR
∙FLIRtracksensorfieldofview:
4X5microradians
∙Sharedaperturevisibletracksensorfieldofview:
0.3X0.3microradians
SLBDPassiveImagingSensorCharacteristics
SENSORWAVE-FIELDOFARRAYSIZEFRAMERATEAPERTURE
BANDVIEW
LWIR8-12m700rad128x128upto10001.5m
fps
MWIR3-5m700rad128x128upto10001.5m
fps
FLIR8-12m4x5scanned60Hz/26440cm
mradlines
NFOVTVvisible5x6.5510x49260Hz/26440cm
mradlines
WideFOVvisible6.6x8.8510x49230Hz90mm
mrad
WideFOVAMBER3-5m12mrad128x128upto10950mm
Hz
MITHighFramevisible100rad64x642000Hz1.5m
Rateto1mrad
TestsSupported
∙High-powerdynamicwithflyingdrone(BQM34)
∙Conventionaldefenseinitiativewithflyingdrone
∙HighvelocitytargettestwithVANDALmissile
∙Highaltitudetargettestswithflyingdrone
∙Missileandplumetestsusingthe1.5maperture
oRadiometricallycalibratedimages
oSpectralradiometry
SOURCES
∙0605605ADODHighEnergyLaserSystemTestFacility(HELSTF)
∙Mid-InfraredAdvancedChemicalLaser(MIRACL)
∙SEALITEBeamDirector(SLBD)
∙[EXCERPT]DoDNewsBriefingThursday,December11,1997-DiscussionaboutthetestoftheMIRACLlaseragainstasatellite.
∙U.S.LASERWEAPONTESTFOREIGNMEDIAREACTIONDAILYDIGESTUSIAWednesday,22October1997
∙PENTAGON/LASERTESTVOA23October1997
∙[EXCERPT]DefenseDepartmentNewsBriefing23October1997-DiscussionoftheMIRACLlasertest,includinghowmanyburstswereactuallyfiredatthesatellite,whethertheygotdatabackfromthesatellite,andwhetherornotthetestwassuccessful.
∙[EXCERPT]DefenseDepartmentNewsBriefing09October1997-OnMIRACL,twoopportunitiestotestthatlaserweremissedlastweek.TheSecretaryhasaskedtheArmytocontinuetolookforopportunitiestotestthatlaserbeforethetargetsatellitegoesintoeclipselaterthismonth.
∙[EXCERPT]DefenseDepartmentNewsBriefing07October1997-"BecauseofcloudcoverattheWhiteSandsMissileRangeinNewMexicolastnight,theMIRACLtestdidnottakeplace.WehadalsoattemptedatestofMIRACLonSaturdaynight,butbecauseofsometechnicaldifficulties,thattestalsodidnottakeplace."
∙[EXCERPT]TRANSCRIPT:
STATEDEPARTMENTNOONBRIEFING,OCTOBER3,1997"...thisexperimentdoesnotviolateanyarmscontrolagreement.Asyouknow,thereisnoanti-satellitetreaty,otherinternationallaw,orUSdomesticlaw."
∙U-SLASERTESTVOA02October1997
∙U-SLASERTESTVOA02October1997
SECRETARYOFDEFENSEAPPROVESLASEREXPERIMENTTOIMPROVESATELLITEPROTECTIONOctober2,1997-SecretaryofDefenseWilliamS.CohentodayhasapprovedanexperimentbeingconductedbytheU.S.Army'sMid-Infra-RedAdvancedChemicalLaser(MIRACL)locatedatWhiteSandsMissileRange,NM.ThesatellitethatwillbeusedforthetestistheU.S.AirFor
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