On Tomas Hardys Tragedy Art.docx
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On Tomas Hardys Tragedy Art.docx
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OnTomasHardysTragedyArt
题目OnTomasHardy’sTragedyArt
——TroughaViewofAncientGreeceTragedy
论哈代的悲剧艺术
——从古希腊悲剧的角度分析
摘要
古希腊悲剧的舞台上常常出现勇敢地与命运抗争,但最终被命运击败的英雄形象,及表现“有价值的东西为不可抗拒的力量所困”而毁灭的悲剧精神,哈代对命运和悲剧的动力的见解是古希腊式的,其小说人物命运的安排总是与事物的本性以及整个宇宙对抗的,本文通过古希腊悲剧的角度分析哈代所创造的小说中灵巧运动的多种艺术技巧,如偶然、巧合、悬念、发现和突转等,这些戏剧艺术表现手法在哈代的悲剧小说中融汇一炉,使故事情节因人物的行动和外界因素而发展冲突,作品扣人心弦,事件岑出不穷,情节跌宕起伏,主人公命运多舛,哈代独具匠心的艺术技巧体现出悲剧的理想与现代小说的完美结合。
关键词:
悲剧;哈代;古希腊式;艺术技巧
Abstract
AncientGreecetragedyoftenappearsonstagewiththebravefightofthehero,butwaseventuallydefeatedbythefate,andwiththeembodimentofthetragicspiritthat“somethingofvalueisrestrainedbytheirresistibleforce”.Hardy’sviewontragedyisinfluencedbyancientGreecetragedy.Thearrangementsofthemaincharacters’destinyarealwaysagainstthewholeuniverse.ThispaperanalyzesthetypesofartistictechniquesusedinHardy’snovel,suchasmakingcoincidence,describingthemysteriousforceofnatureandsoon.TheseartistictechniquesareusedproperlyinHardy’stragedy,makingthestoriesbecomemoreattractive,theeventsdisplayonebeone,plotgoesupanddown,andthemaincharactersarealwaysill-fated.Hardy’sdistinctiveartistictechniquesreflecttheperfectcombinationofmodernnovelandthetragedyoftheideal
Keywords:
Tragedy;Hardy;AncientGreece;Artistictechnique
Contents
摘要…………………………………………..……………………….i
Abstract…………………………………………….……….…………..ii
Introduction…………………………………………………...………...1
Chapter1TheGeneralIntroductiontoAncientGreeceTragedy
ArtisticTechniques……………………………………..….2
1.1SimpleIntroductiontoAncientGreeceArt.…..……………………2
1.2TheGeneralTypesofAncientGreeceTragedyArtisticTechniquesandTheirEffects……………….………………..…………...…..………….2
Chapter2AnalyzingtheReasonsoftheFormationofHardy’sTragedyArt……………………………………..………….6
2.2TheInfluenceofAncientGreeceTragedyonTomasHardy…..……6
2.3OtherReasons…………………………………..…………………...6
2.3.1SocialReasons………………………………………………….6
2.3.2PersonalReasons………………………………………………7
2.3.3ReligionReasons………………………………………..…….8
Chapter3TheApplicationsoftheAncientGreeceArtistic
TechniquesinHardy’sTragedies………..…………...12
3.1MakingCoincidences……………………………………….…12
3.2DescribingtheMysteriousForceofNature…….…………….…14
3.3EmbodyingtheThemeofKarmaandFatalism…………….....…..16
3.4ImplyingPeople’sInstinctandDesire…………………………………….…18
Conclusion…………………….………………………………….…20
Bibliography…………………………………..……………………….21Acknowledgements
Introduction
TomasHardy’stragedyoccupiesanimportantpositioninliteratureintheworld.Andthestudyofhistragedyartistictechniqueshasalwaysbeenatopic.TheanalysisofartistictechniquesisthemostsignificantandindispensablepartinstudyingTomasHardy’stragedy.TheviewofHardy’snovelsisancientGreece.AncientGreecetragedyisoneoftheearliestformsofhumandrama,itevolvedfromtheoldritualdance.Nowadays,throughthousandsofyears’development,stepbystepfromscratch,fromsimpletocomplex.NowadayswecanseeavarietyofartistictechniquesplayedinGreecetragedy.
FatalismisalwaysthethemeinancientGreecetragedy,andHardy’snovelsalsoreflectadeepsenseoffatalism.What’smore,HardyuseddifferentkindsofancientGreecetragedyartistictechniquestomakethenovelsmorevividly,suchasmakingcoincidence,describingthemysteriousforceofnatureandsoon.TheseartistictechniquesareusedproperlyinHardy’stragedy.ThispaperanalyzesthetechniquefactorofancientGreecetragedy,soastoconcludetheartistictechniquesHardyhasusedinhistragedy,throughtheanalysisofHardy’sartistictechniques;wecanhaveabetterunderstandingofhisownlifeandhisworks.
Chapter1
TheGeneralIntroductionofAncientGreeceTragedyArtisticTechniques
1.1SimpleIntroductionofAncientGreeceTragedyArt
AncientGreecetragedyisoneoftheearliestformsofhumandrama,itevolvedfromtheoldritualdance.Nowadays,throughthousandsofyears’development,stepbystepfromscratch,fromsimpletocomplex,wecanseeavarietyofartistictechniquesplayedinGreecedrama;therefore,inordertostudytheancientGreecetragedy,alloffirst,weneedtoanalyzethefactorsandtechniquesconcludedinancientGreecedrama.
1.2GeneralTypesofAncientGreeceTragedyArtisticTechniquesandEffects
(1)StructuralTechniques
TheearlyAncientGreecetragedyconsistsofthreerelativelyindependentparts.Thefirstpartproposesscenario;thesecondpartreversetheplot;thethirdpartpresentsthesolution.Thewholepartisaformofsinglechronologicalnarrativestructureofprogress,andthewholestoryissimplebutcomplete.Sometimeswecanseetheendingofatragedyisnotthataswe’veimagined,maybeit’sahappyendinglikeacomedy’s.
(2)OpeningMode
EarlyancientGreektragedyoftenpresentedthewholestoryinchronologicalorder,butlatertheancientGreektragedypoetsrealizedtheycouldstrengthenthetensionandattractionofthestoryiftheymaketheopeningclosetothecoreofthestory.Forexample,inSophocles’sOedipusRex,theopeningdoesn’twritefromthebirthofOedipus,butthepointwhenOedipushasbeenthekinganddeterminedtoinquireintothecausesoftheplague.Thisarrangementofopeningmakestheplaybeginswithatenseatmosphere.Therefore,thisopeningmethodlaterbecamethemostimportanttechniqueprinciple.
(3)Bedding
Beddingisacomplexartistictechniquewhichisoftenusedinthemorematureartform.However,wecanfindithasexistedinancientGreecetragedieswhichwerecreatedinthefifthcenturyBC.TheancientGreecePoetshavelearnedhowtorenderlayersofbeddingandmakethemaincharactersandkeymovementsmoredistinctly,moreconsciouslyandmorereasonable,thusmakingtheybecomethefocusofreaders’attention.WecanfindexamplesinmanyancientGreecetragedies,suchasthefamoustragedyofAeschylusAgamemnon.
(4)SuddenTurnandFound
Suddenturnmeansthesituationsuddenlyreverses;itisacommontechniquethatisusedinancientGreecetragedy.Aristotlesaysin“Poetics”.
“SuddenTurn”istheprinciplesturntotheoppositesideaccordingtowhatwethinkandithappensnaturally.“SuddenTurn”isasuddenchangeinthedevelopmentoftheplot,causingthedramaticeffectlikeariverflowsbackwards,butitisalsoreasonableandconsistentwiththelogicoflifeandtheinexorablelawofdramaticaction.(Aristotle,350B.C.:
71).
Andanothertechniquewhichisassociatedwith“SuddenTurn”is“Found”.AccordingtotheexplanationofAristotleinPoetics,
Foundisthecharactertobefound,sometimesonepersonisfoundbyanotheriftheformerhasbeenseenthroughbythelatter.Sometimespartiesshallmutuallyfound(ibid.).
InancientGreecetragedy,”Found”coexistswith“Suddenturn”,theybotharethebasicartistictechniquesofancientGreecetragedy.
(5)EmbodyingtheThemeofKarmaandFatalism
FatalismisacommonthemeinancientGreecetragedy.BecauseancientGreekslivedinaspecialera,theycouldn’tgiveoutreasonableexplanationtowardsnatureandsocietywiththeirlimitedknowledge,sotheytookitallcamedowntofate.AncientGreecetragedypervadesanatmosphereofmystery.Thesupernaturalthingsareperhapsabackground,akindofatmosphere,oranimplicitmetaphor,asymbolandsoon.IntheviewofAncientGreecetragedy.“Iftragedyisnotapainfulmystery,itcannotbecalledatragedy”.(布拉德雷,1981:
50)
(6)ImplyingtheMysteriousForceofNature
BecauseofthelimitedknowledgeofancientGreeks,theycouldn’texplainthemysteriousforceofnature,theybelievednaturecouldtakethemeverything,atthesametime,itcouldtakeawayeverything.
Chapter2
AnalyzingtheReasonsoftheFormationof
Hardy’sTragedyArt
2.1TheInfluenceofAncientGreeceTragedyonTomasHardy
ThebirthofancientGreecetragedyisabrilliantpeakinthehistoryofhumanculture;ithasaprofoundimpactonnumerousoutstandingwriters.TomasHardyisoneofthem.ForHardy,theinfluenceofancientGreektragedycamemoredirectlyandmoreimportantthanotherwriters.HecreatedaseriesoftragiccharactersinhisworkswhichpermeatedwithastrongsenseoftragedyinHardy’sworks.ItisnotdifficulttofindtheshapeofancientGreecetragedy.HesharedthesameviewonfatewiththeancientGreecetragedy.
AncientGreekwritersconsideredfateasthearrangementofGod,orthemysteriousforcethatnobodycouldescape,includingGod.Underthecontroloffate,nomatterhowpeopleprotested,theiridealofjusticecouldnotbeachieved,andultimatelytheyfellintothemiserablesituationstepbystep.
2.2OtherReasons
2.2.1Socialreasons
Hardylivedinanageofcapitalismwhichwasinthetransitiontotheimperialism.Thenewrelationsofproductiondevelopedatahighspeedandintendedtoinsteadoftheoldgradually.Theproductionofcapitalisminvadedaggressively.Thelegalsystemintheruralareascollapsed,thusbroketheeconomicsystem,reserveofurbanlaborwasaddicted.Theharshrealityintensifiedthecontradictionbetweenthetraditionallifestyle,moralvaluesandeconomygrowth.Hardydeeplyrealizeditwascapitalismwhichdestroyedthelegalsystem,promotedaseriesoftragediesofsocietyandhuman’slife.Hardy’s“Fatalism”wasalsoinfluencedbythesocialbackground.
2.2.2PersonalReasons
Firstly,theformationofHardy’s“Fatalism”wasinfluencedbyhisfamily.Whenhewasachild,hewasinpoorhealthsohehadtoreceiveeducationathome.Ontheotherside,Heindulgedinthebeautifulmountainsandriversinhishometownespeciallyenjoyedthefolklegendsandforkmusicandpoems.What’smore,helikedto
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