现代汉语语法.docx
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现代汉语语法.docx
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现代汉语语法
现代汉语语法(ModernChinesegrammar)
Phrases,alsocalledphrases,arelanguageunitsthatcombinewordsandphrases.Itcanbedividedintothreepartsaccordingtotheirformation:
Coordinatephrases
Aphraseconsistingoftwoormorethantwonouns,verbsandadjectivesjuxtaposed.Suchasteachersandstudents,research,trainingandimproving,andwithariotofcolourisblackandwhite,andvaliantrecordetc..
Positivephrase
Aphrasecomposedofmodifiersandwordsiscomposedofanattributeoranadverbialandacentralword.Suchasmyteacher,acustomer,agreatpeople,aparadise;carefulobservation,moreresolute,suddenlyfound,veryspectacular,quitequickly.
Verbobjectphrase
Aphrasecomposedofwordsandwordsaccordingtothedominatingrelation,consistingofverbsandobjects.Suchasdinner,buildingahouse,singingthemotherland,theoverallsituation,concernedaboutthecollective,clearthinking,haveexperiencedyearsofwindandfrost.
Verbcomplementphrase
Aphrasecomposedofwordsandwordsinaccordancewithsupplementaryrelations,consistingofverbsoradjectivesandcomplements.Suchasunderstand,thinktoomuch,sendout,liveanight,say,redhot,scaredtodeath,verygood,verybeautiful,sillystay.
Subjectpredicatephrase
Aphrasecomposedofwordsandwords,whichconsistsofsubjectandpredicate.Suchasmood,racket,thegoodlifeofpeace,thebrightspringdays,curvedasKyushuetc..
Theprepositionalphrase
Phrasescomposedofprepositionsandobjects.Fromthemountains,tothedesert,tothepeople,fromtherain,intheclassroom,whenthesunrises,etc..
Therepeatedphrase
Aphrasemadeupoftwowordswhosemeaningsarebasicallythesame.AsthehometownofSichuan,thegreatleaderMaoZedong,LiBai,WuXiaoming,brewmastermastermind,theirkingAndyLau.
Theverbalphrase
Aphraseformedbyaverborverbphrase.Suchasplay,toreceivethebook,tositbackandwait,comebacktobuyfood,superfluous,targetingreturnetc..
Concurrentphrase9
Aphrasemadeupofaverbobjectphraseandasubjectpredicatephrase.Ifyoudon'ttalk,lethimcallout,thewolf,afascinating,fanghuguishan,etc.,failtocommand.
Thespecialphrases
(1.)wordphrase.Suchas,say,see,think,donotwanttosee;(2.)"phrase"phrase.Aswesee,andthefantastic,womanishlyfussy;(3.modalphrase.Ifyoucanseeandspeak,willingtoorders,canstarttoabsent;thenumberofphrases,thenumeralsandquantifiersarecombinedintophrases,suchasagroup,abar,abasket,twoorfortyyears.Accordingtothegrammaticalfunction,phrasescanbedividedintonounphrases,adjectivephrases,verbphrases,subjectpredicatephrases,prepositionalphrases,etc..
Editthisparagraphfour.Sentenceandsentenceclassification.
Thesentenceisaunitoflanguageconsistsofwordsorphrases,toexpressacompletemeaning,cancompleteasimplecommunicativetask,acertaintoneinspeech,saidthestatement,interrogative,imperative,interjection,withafullstop,questionmark,exclamationpointinwritingexpressed.Completesentencestructureis:
(fixed)main//[]<>+complementpredicateshape(fixed)objectforexample:
(we)[]]tolearnsomestudents||[<>good(Professional)course/ininfrontofthesubjectandthelanguagecenterismodifiedsubjectorobjectsuchas:
"(winter)thespring"usedintheverbcomplement,isthatpredicatecentersuchas:
"identify"carefully""
Sentenceelement
1,subjectsubjectistheobjectofpredicatestatement,whichis"whatperson"or"what"".Forexample:
(1)theChinesepeoplehavehighaspirations.
(2)improvingthescientificandculturallevelofthewholeChinesenationisthevitalcauseofhundredsofmillionsofpeople.2,thepredicatepredicateisthestatementofthesubject,indicatingthesubject,indicatingthesubject"whatis",orhow".Forexample:
(1)theskysuddenlydisappeared.
(2)theleavesareyellow.(3)Wangissixteenyearsold.
(4)LuXunisthefounderofChinesemodernliterature.(5)tomorrow,Sunday.(6)hereadsallthebooks.3,theobjectintheverbbehind,indicatingtheaction,behaviorinvolvingthepersonorthing,answer"who"or"what"akindofproblem.Forexample:
(1)whatiscalledinformation?
(2)surroundedbyacrowdofpeopleatthegate.(3)Marxthoughtthatknowledgewasthemeanstofightandservetheliberationoftheproletariat.4,attributiveattributiveisthejointcomponentofthenounorpronoun,whichisusedtomodifytherestrictednounorpronoun,indicatingthenature,status,quantity,andbelongingofapersonorthing.Forexample:
(1)thatheavyrice,likearidge(golden)pearl.
(2)threecupsofwineandrelatives.(3)inthesnow(red)pearltea(BaiZhongyingreen),theplum(DanBan).(4)thehistoryofChinahasitsowncharacteristics.5,adverbialadverbialisaverboradjectiveinfrontofthejointcomponent,usedtomodify,restrictverbsoradjectives,indicatingtheactionofthestate,mode,time,placeordegree.Forexample:
(1)he[hasalreadygone].
(2)let'ssee[Beijing].(3)thesongbringsdeepmemoriestotheteacher.(4)sciencefinallydefeateddivinerightswithgreatandoverwhelmingforce.Adverbsandadjectivesareoftenusedasadverbials.Nounsoftimeandplaceareoftenusedasadverbials,andnounsingeneralarenotadverbial.Inadditiontotheverbverb,verbrarelyadverbialprepositionalphrasesoftenusedasadverbial.Generaladverbialtighteveninthecentralhighspeedinfrontofthetable,butthetimeandplace,thepurposeofanounorprepositionalphraseasadverbial,canbeplacedinfrontofthesubject,suchas[inHangzhou],wevisitedtheWestLakescenicspots.6.complementcomplementisthejointcomponentbehindtheverboradjective.Itisusedtosupplementtheaction,theresult,thedegree,thetendency,thetime,theplace,thequantity,theshapeandsoon.Forexample:
(1)thebroadmassesofthepeopledo"bustlingwithenthusiasm".
(2)thecharactershewrotearenotbetterthantheoriginalone,buttheyarebetterthanmany.(3)hewasbornin1918.(4)hesitsatthetable.(5)thecolorissothickthatitlookslikeit'sgoingtoflow.7.independentcomponentsinthesentenceandothercomponents(themain,predicateandobject,andthelike,producefill)structure,butthemeaningisnecessaryforthewholesentence,hasarelativelyindependentcomponent,usedtoexpresstheappellationofthings,thatcall,theoriginalestimate,notes,andsighimitate,toneetc..Forexample:
(1)itisverysimple,yousee,wecanmatter?
(2)itisveryobviousthatthescientificandculturallevelofthewholeChinesenationisnotgreatlyimproved,andthefourmodernizationsareemptytalk.(3)ah,howfascinatedpeopleofthebeautifulbrightautumn!
(4)bang,bang,aguncame,asanindependentcomponent,therearesomewords,somephrases,itismoreflexibleinthesentenceposition,someinthesentencehead,andsomeinthesentence.8,thecompoundreferstotheuseoftwoormorethantwowordsorphrasesrefertothesamething,asthesamesentencecomponents.Forexample:
(1)Mr.himselfwantstowritebooks.
(2)thestateshouldbeindependent,thenationshouldbeliberated,andthepeoplewantrevolution.Anirresistiblehistoricaltrend.(3)thisisthemostmagnificentbattleontheKoreanbattlefield--thebattleofpinepeak.-modifiedsentence]+(set)themain+[shapepredicateverbcomplement]<>+(fixed)+<>objectobjectcomplement.Whenforeignerscometo[],(Hospitality)inTianjin[][alwaysplayedonthegroundbeamwithjoy>>(Tianjin)<>howauthenticsnacks
Distinguishbetween:
First,carefullyexaminethetwoconcepts,startingfromtheanswertotheproblem.Theobjectisthedominatingobjectoftheverbcentrallanguage,andthecomplementisthecomplementtotheverbandtheadjectivecentralword,accordingtothesetwodifferentconcepts,
Weknowthattheobjectisajointcomponentofverb,betweenitandtheverbistobeconcernedwiththerelationshipinvolved,theansweris"who"or"what"category;andcomplementverbsisjointcomponentwordsbehindit,andtheverbsoradjectivesisaddedandadded,andthatisthatrelationship,answerthequestionof"how".Forexample:
(1)heplaysball.
(2)heplayedthe"lost".Cases
(1),"ball"is"playing"referstotheobject,answer"what"questions,soitisanexample
(2)inthe"lost"isadded"hit"theansweris"how"questions,soisthecomplement.Itisthemostbasicmethodtodistinguishtheobjectandcomplementfromthetwoaspectsoftheconceptandtheanswertothedifferentquestions.Second,accordingtotheclassificationofthepartsofspeech,wecanidentifythequantitativestructure.Itisalsooneofthemethodstojudgethesentenceelementsbycomparingthepartsofspeech.Theobjectastheobjectverbinvolved,oftenwithnouns,pronounsorothernounphrasesascomplements;andoftenuseadjectives,verbs,prepositions,verbs,adjectivestructuresorotherwordstoactas.Forexample:
(1)hereadsbooks.
(2)helookedatit.(3)whatdoeshelookat?
(4)hesawitveryseriously.(5)hewenttoXinhuabookstore.(6)hecamefromthesouth.Theabove
(1)(3)(5)sentencesusenouns,pronounsandnounphrasesasobjects,while
(2)(4)(6)sentencesuseverbs,adjectivesorprepositionalstructuresascomplements.Thequantitystructurecanbeusedasanobjectoracomplementinasentence,soweshoulddistinguishitfromthemeaningoftheword.Forexample,hewrotethree;hesangthreetimes.Theformer"three"referstothethings,istoreplaceattributivecenteroftheword,itistheobject;thelatterreferstothe"threetimes"thenumberisaddedtosing,"sing"theverb,itisthecomplement.Hewast
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