3 FAN Photosynthesis Study Questions.docx
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3 FAN Photosynthesis Study Questions.docx
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3FANPhotosynthesisStudyQuestions
Photosynthesis
(Studyquestions)
考试时没有汉语注释!
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I.TranslationoftheFollowingTermIntoChinese.
1.photosynthesis2.carbondioxide3.absorptionspectrum4.carbohydrates5.actionspectrum6.oxygenevolution7.chlorophyllsolution8.reflectinglight9.diascopticlighting10.fluorescence11.phosphorescence12.elaborateequipment13.firstsingletstate14.firsttripletstate15.life-span16.lightreaction17.reductivepower18.carbonreaction19.primaryreaction20.light-harvestingpigments13.antennapigment14.reactioncenter15.proteincomplex16.special-pairchlorophylla17.electronacceptor18.photochemicalactivity19.chargeseparation20.quantumyield21.reddrop22.far-redligh23.enhancementeffect24.Hillreaction25.isolatedchloroplastthylakoids26.photosyntheticchain27.photophosphorylation28.carbonassimilation29.assimilationpower30.five-carbonacceptormolecule31.three-carbonintermediate32.lightcompensationpoint33.photonflux34.mitochondrialrespiration35.dynamicphotoinhibition36.quantumefficiency37.slopesofthecurves38.chromincphotoinhibition39.CO2compensationpoint40.solarenergy41.sieveeffect42.Lightchanneling43.incidentlight44.palisadecells45.centralvacuole46.lightscattering47.solartracking48.multiplecroppingindex49.sownarea50.croplandarea51.membrane–enclosedorganelles52.adjacentgrana54.stromalamellae55.ribulose-1,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase/oxygenase(rubisco)56.largesubunit57.photosyntheticpigments58.carotenoid59.phycobilin60.β-carotene61.xanthophyll62.photosyntheticorganisms63.absorptionbands64.phycoerythrobilin65.phycocyanonilin66.phycoerythrin67.phycocyanin68.allophycocyanin69.spectrophotometer70.electrontransfer71.photosyntheticunit72.thylakoidlumen73.oxygen-evolvingcomplex(OEC)74.strongoxidant75.strongreductant76.granalamellae77.noncyclicelectrontransfer78.cyclicelectrontransfer79.pseudocyclicelectrontransfer80.anionicradicle81.superoxideanionicradical82.carbonskeleton83.crassulaceanacidmetabolism84.Calvincycle85.transgenicplants86.sunplants87.shadeplants88.bundlesheath89.apparentphotosynthesis90.excitationenergy91.roundstate92.excitedstate93.ultravioletrange94.phytoltail95.solublecarbohydrates96.anthocyanin97.mesophyllcells98.phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)99.noonbreak
II.TranslationoftheFollowingGlossaryDefinitionIntoChinese,WiththeCorrespondingTermwrittenout(inChineseorinEnglish).
1.photosynthesis光合作用
Thetermphotosynthesismeansliterally“synthesisusinglight.”Morespecifically,lightenergydrivesthesynthesisofcarbohydrates糖fromcarbondioxide二氧化碳andwaterwiththegenerationofoxygen.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
2.spectrum光谱
thegraph图ofabsorbance吸光率(A)versuswavelength(λ)iscalledaspectrum光谱.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
3.absorptionspectrum吸收光谱
An(pluralspectra)displaystheamountoflightenergyabsorbedbyamoleculeorsubstanceasafunction函数ofthewavelengthofthelight.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
4.actionspectrum作用光谱
Anactionspectrum作用光谱ismeasuredbyplottingaresponsetolightsuchasoxygenevolution氧释放,asafunctionofwavelength.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
5.fluorescence荧光
Chlorophyllsolution叶绿素溶液showsgreencolorunderdiascopticlighting透射光,however,chlorophyllsolutionshowsredcolorunderreflectinglight反射光,thephenomenonistermedasfluorescence荧光现象.
Chlorophyllinexcitedstatereturnstogroundstatefromfirstsingletstate第一单线态.Life-spanoffluorescenceis10-9s~10-8s.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
6.phosphorescence磷光现象
Chlorophyllsolutioninlightemitsbesidesfluorescence,itemitsphosphorescence磷光afterremovinglightsource.Phosphorescencecanbedetectedbyelaborateequipment.
Chlorophyllinexcitedstatereturnstogroundstatefromfirsttripletstate第一三线态.Life-spanofphosphorescenceis10-2s.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
7.lightreaction光反应
Theso-called,inwhichwaterissplit裂解byphoton光子energytoyieldreductivepower还原能力(intheformofNADPH)andchemicalenergy化学能(intheformofATP).
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
8.carbonreaction碳反应
Theso-calledcarbonreaction碳反应,inwhichCO2isassimilated同化attheexpenseofthisreductivepower还原能力andofATP.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
9.primaryreaction原初反应
Primaryreactionistheprocessfromexcitationofchlorophyll叶绿素激发totheoccurrence发生thefirstchemicalreaction,includingabsorption,transferandconversion转换oflightenergy.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
10.light-harvestingpigments聚光色素
Light-harvestingpigments聚光色素,alsocalledantennapigment天线色素,havenophotochemicalactivity光化学活性,onlyhavethefunctionofharvestinglightenergy.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
11.reactioncenter反应中心
Reactioncenteristheproteincomplex蛋白复合体whichcanturnlightenergyintochemicalenergy,includingspecial-pairchlorophylla特殊叶绿素a对,pheophytin(Pheo)脱镁叶绿素andquinone醌etc.electronacceptor电子受体molecule.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
12.photochemicalactivity光化学活性
Special-pairchlorophyllahasphotochemicalactivity光化学活性,excited激发的special-pairchlorophyllagivesoffaelectron电子andchargespositively,leadingtochargeseparation电荷分离.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
13.quantumyield量子产额
Thequantumyield量子产额ofphotosynthesisisthatthenumberofO2isevolved释放orthenumberofCO2isfixed固定after1quanta光量子isabsorbed.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
14.reddrop红降
Thequantumyield量子产额ofphotosynthesis(blackcurve)fallsoff下降drasticallyforfar-redlight远红光ofwavelengthsgreaterthan680nm,indicatingthatfar-redlightaloneisinefficientindrivingphotosynthesis.Thisphenomenoniscalledreddrop红降.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
15.enhancementeffect增益效应
Thequantumyield量子产额ofphotosynthesiswhenredandfar-redlight远红光aregiventogetherisgreaterthanthesum总和oftherateswhentheyaregivenapart.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
16.Hillreaction希尔反应
In1937,RobertHillfoundthatinthelight,isolatedchloroplastthylakoids离体的叶绿体类囊体reduceavarietyofcompounds化合物,suchasironsalts.ThisreactioniscalledHillreaction希尔反应.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
17.photophosphorylation光合磷酸化(作用)
Duringlightreaction光反应inphotosynthesis,electronflowalongphotosyntheticchain光合链iscoupledwithATPsynthesisviaADPandPi,whichistermedasphotophosphorylation光合磷酸化(作用).
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
18.carbonassimilation碳素同化
theincorporation整合ofcarbonfromatmosphericcarbondioxide大气二氧化碳intoorganicmolecules有机分子istermedascarbonassimilation.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
19.assimilationpower同化能力
NADPHandATPformedinlightreactionarecollectivelycalledassimilationpower.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
20.C3pathway
IntheCalvincycle,CO2andwaterfromtheenvironmentareenzymatically酶促地combinedwithafive-carbonacceptormolecule五碳受体分子togeneratetwomoleculesofathree-carbonintermediate三碳中间产物,therebycalledC3pathway.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
21.Photosyntheticrate
TheamountofCO2-absorbing吸收orO2-evolving释放ordrymatteraccumulatingperunittime,perunitareaofleaf,i.e.μmolCO2m-2s-1(μmolO2m-2s-1)orgDWm-2h-1.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
22.lightcompensationpoint光补偿点
Asthephotonflux光子通量increases,photosyntheticCO2assimilation同化increasesuntilitequalsCO2releasebymitochondrialrespiration线粒体呼吸.ThepointatwhichCO2uptake吸收exactlybalancesCO2releaseiscalledthelightcompensationpoint光补偿点.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
23.photoinhibition光抑制
Whenleavesareexposed暴露tomorelightthantheycanutilize,thereactioncenterofPSIIisinactivated失活anddamaged,thisphenomenoniscalledphotoinhibition光抑制.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
24.dynamicphotoinhibition动态光抑制
Undermoderateexcesslight,quantumefficiency量子效率decreases(contrasttheslopesofthecurves曲线斜率),butthemaximumphotosyntheticrateremainsunchanged.Thisphenomenoniscalleddynamicphotoinhibition动态光抑制
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
25.Chronicphotoinhibition慢性光抑制
Underhighlevelsofexcesslight,bothquantumefficiency量子效率andmaximumphotosyntheticratedecreasebecauseofthedamageofthephotosyntheticsystem.Thisphenomenoniscalledchromincphotoinhibition慢性光抑制
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
26.CO2compensationpoint二氧化碳补偿点
AstheintercellularCO2increases,photosyntheticCO2assimilation同化increasesuntilitequalsCO2releasebymitochondrialrespiration线粒体呼吸.ThepointatwhichCO2uptake吸收exactlybalancesCO2releaseiscalledtheCO2compensationpoint二氧化碳补偿点.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm_________________.
27.Efficiencyforsolarenergyutilization太阳能利用率
Efficiencyforsolarenergyutilizationistheratiooftheenergyinorganiccompoundsaccumulatedviaphotosynthesistotheenergyilluminatingperunitfield.
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedistheterm
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