中国的核应急白皮书 中英对照.docx
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中国的核应急白皮书 中英对照.docx
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中国的核应急白皮书中英对照
中国的核应急(中英对照白皮书2016)
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
TheStateCouncilInformationOfficeofthePeople’sRepublicofChina
2016年1月
January,2016
目录
Contents
前言
Preface
一、核能发展与核应急基本形势
I.CurrentSituationofNuclearEnergyDevelopmentandNuclearEmergencyPreparedness
二、核应急方针政策
II.GuidelinesandPoliciesforNuclearEmergencyPreparedness
三、核应急“一案三制”建设
III.All-roundPromotionofNuclearEmergencyPreparedness
四、核应急能力建设与保持
IV.BuildingandMaintenanceofNuclearEmergencyCapabilities
五、核事故应对处置主要措施
V.MainMeasurestoCopewithNuclearAccidents
六、核应急演习演练、培训与公众沟通
VI.NuclearEmergencyPreparednessExercises,Drills,TrainingandPublicCommunication
七、核应急科技创新
VII.ScientificandTechnologicalInnovationsinNuclearEmergencyPreparedness
八、核应急国际合作与交流
VIII.InternationalCooperationandExchangesintheFieldofNuclearEmergencyPreparedness
结束语
Conclusion
前言
Preface
原子的发现和核能的开发利用给人类社会发展带来新的动力,极大增强人类认识世界和改造世界的能力。
核能发展伴随着核安全风险和挑战。
人类要更好利用核能、实现更大发展,必须创新核技术、确保核安全、做好核应急。
核安全是核能事业持续健康发展的生命线,核应急是核能事业持续健康发展的重要保障。
Thediscoveryoftheatomandthesubsequentdevelopmentandutilizationofnuclearenergygaveanewimpetustotheprogressofhumanityandgreatlyenhancedmankind’sabilitytounderstandandshapetheworld.Yet,thedevelopmentofnuclearenergyhasassociatedrisksandchallenges.Formankindtobetterutilizenuclearenergyandachieveevengreaterprogress,itisnecessarytomakeinnovationsinnucleartechnologies,ensurenuclearsafetyanddowellinnuclearemergencypreparedness.Whilenuclearsafetyconstitutesalifelineforthesustainedandhealthydevelopmentofnuclearenergy,nuclearemergencypreparednessservesasanimportantsafeguardforitssustainedandhealthydevelopment.
核应急是为了控制核事故、缓解核事故、减轻核事故后果而采取的不同于正常秩序和正常工作程序的紧急行为,是政府主导、企业配合、各方协同、统一开展的应急行动。
核应急事关重大、涉及全局,对于保护公众、保护环境、保障社会稳定、维护国家安全具有重要意义。
Nuclearemergencypreparednessdenotestheemergencyactionstakentocontrol,containandmitigateanuclearaccident,andtominimizetheconsequencesofsuchaccidents,whicharedifferentfromthenormalorderandworkingprocedure.Theyareemergencyresponseactionsguidedbythegovernment,assistedbytherelevantenterprises,coordinatedamongalltheinvolvedpartiesandimplementedinaunifiedmanner.Nuclearemergencypreparednessisofparamountimportanceandbearsontheoverallsituation,andisthereforeofcriticalsignificancetotheprotectionofthegeneralpublic,theenvironmentandsocialstabilityaswellassafeguardingnationalsecurity.
中国始终把核安全放在和平利用核能事业首要位置,坚持总体国家安全观,倡导理性、协调、并进的核安全观,秉持为发展求安全、以安全促发展的理念,始终追求发展和安全两个目标有机融合。
半个多世纪以来,中国人民奋发图强、历尽艰辛,创建发展核能事业并取得辉煌成就。
同时,不断改进核安全技术,实施严格的核安全监管,加强核应急管理,核能事业始终保持良好安全记录。
Chinahasconsistentlygiventopprioritytonuclearsafetyinitspeacefuluseofnuclearenergy,andhaspersistedinanoverallnationalsecurityconceptbyadvocatingarational,coordinatedandbalancednuclearsafetyoutlook.Chinahasfollowedtheapproachofenhancingsafetyforthesakeofdevelopmentandpromotingdevelopmentbyupholdingsafetyinanunrelentingefforttobringthedualgoalsofdevelopmentandsafetyinalignmentwitheachother.Inthepastsixdecadesorso,theChinesepeoplehavebeenworkingwithstaminaanddiligenceinthepursuitofnuclearenergyutilization,withsplendidachievements.Atthesametime,theChinesepeoplehavebeensparingnoefforttoimprovenuclearsafetytechniques,enforcerigorousnuclearsafetysupervision,strengthennuclearemergencymanagementandensurethatnuclearenergyhasalwaysmaintainedasoundsafetyrecord.
核事故影响无国界,核应急管理无小事。
总结三哩岛核事故、切尔诺贝利核事故、福岛核事故的教训,中国更加深刻认识到核应急的极端重要性,持续加强和改进核应急准备与响应工作,不断提升中国核安全保障水平。
中国在核应急法律法规标准建设、体制机制建设、基础能力建设、专业人才培养、演习演练、公众沟通、国际合作与交流等方面取得巨大进步,既为自身核能事业发展提供坚强保障,也为推动建立公平、开放、合作、共赢的国际核安全应急体系,促进人类共享核能发展成果作出积极贡献。
Nuclearaccidentsknownonationalboundaries,andeverythingrelatedtonuclearemergencymanagementistooimportanttobetakenlightly.DrawingonthelessonslearnedfromtheThreeMileIsland,ChernobylandFukushimanuclearaccidents,Chinahascometoaprofoundunderstandingoftheutmostimportanceofnuclearemergencies,andtheneedtocontinuouslystrengthenandimprovenuclearemergencypreparednessandresponseswithaviewtoconstantlyenhancingthenuclearsafetysafeguardlevel.Chinahasmadegreatstridesinafullrangeofnuclearemergency-relatedactivities,includingtheenactmentofregulations,codesandstandards,theestablishmentofinstitutionalandregulatoryregimes,thebuilding-upofbasiccapabilities,thefosteringofprofessionalpersonnel,relatedexercisesanddrills,publiccommunication,andinternationalcooperationandexchanges.ThishasnotonlyprovidedarobustsafeguardforChina’sownnuclearenergydevelopment,butalsocontributedactivelytothepromotionofafair,open,collaborativeandmutuallybeneficialinternationalnuclearsafetyemergencyframeworkandmankind’ssharingofnuclearenergydevelopmentachievements.
一、核能发展与核应急基本形势
I.CurrentSituationofNuclearEnergyDevelopmentandNuclearEmergencyPreparedness
20世纪50年代中期,中国创建核工业。
60多年来,中国致力于和平利用核能事业,发展推动核技术在工业、农业、医学、环境、能源等领域广泛应用。
特别是改革开放以来,中国核能事业得到更大发展。
Itwasinthemid-1950sthatChinaembarkedonitsnuclearindustry.OverthepastmorethansixdecadesChinahasmadeconstantendeavorsinthepeacefuluseofnuclearenergybypromotingtheextensiveapplicationofnucleartechnologiestosuchareasasindustry,agriculture,medicine,theenvironmentandenergy.Inparticular,sincetheintroductionofthereformandopening-uppoliciesinlate1978China’snuclearenergysectorhasseenparticularlyrapiddevelopment.
发展核电是中国核能事业的重要组成部分。
核电是一种清洁、高效、优质的现代能源。
中国坚持发展与安全并重原则,执行安全高效发展核电政策,采用最先进的技术、最严格的标准发展核电。
1985年3月,中国大陆第一座核电站——秦山核电站破土动工。
截至2015年10月底,中国大陆运行核电机组27台,总装机容量2550万千瓦;在建核电机组25台,总装机容量2751万千瓦。
中国开发出具有自主知识产权的大型先进压水堆、高温气冷堆核电技术。
“华龙一号”核电技术示范工程投入建设。
中国实验快堆实现满功率稳定运行72小时,标志着已经掌握快堆关键技术。
ThedevelopmentofnuclearpowerconstitutesanimportantcomponentofChina’snuclearenergysector.Nuclearpowerisaclean,efficientandqualitymodernenergysource.Chinahasconsistentlyadheredtotheprincipleofplacingequalemphasisondevelopmentandsafety,andimplementedthepolicyofdevelopingnuclearpowerinasafeandefficientmannerbyadoptingthemostadvancedtechnologyandmoststringentstandards.InMarch1985constructionstartedontheQinshanNuclearPowerStation,thefirstofitskindinthemainlandofChina.AsoftheendofOctober2015,inthemainlandofChina27nucleargeneratingunitshadbeeninoperation,withatotalinstalledcapacityof25.50GWe,andanother25nucleargeneratingunitswithatotalinstalledcapacityof27.51GWehadbeenunderconstruction.Chinahasalreadydevelopeditslarge-sizedadvancedPressurizedWaterReactor(PWR)andHighTemperatureGas-cooledReactor(HTGR)technologieswithproprietaryintellectualpropertyrights.ConstructionoftheHPR1000technologypilotprojecthasalreadycommenced.TheChinaExperimentalFastReactor(CEFR)hasachievedfullpoweroperationover72hours,signifyingthatChinahasalreadymasteredthecoretechnologyassociatedwithfastreactors.
伴随着核能事业的发展,核安全与核应急同步得到加强。
中国的核设施、核活动始终保持安全稳定状态,特别是核电安全水平不断提高。
中国大陆所有运行核电机组未发生过国际核与辐射事件分级表二级以上事件和事故,气态和液态流出物排放远低于国家标准限值。
在建核电机组质量保证、安全监管、应急准备体系完整。
Withthedevelopmentofthenuclearenergysector,nuclearsafetyandnuclearemergencyworkhaveseensteadysynchronousreinforcement.China’snuclearfacilitiesandnuclearactivitieshaveallalongbeeninsafeandstablestateand,inparticular,thesafetylevelofnuclearpowerstationshaswitnessedconstantimprovement.NoneofthenuclearpowergeneratingunitsinChina’smainlandhassufferedeventsoraccidentsratedaboveLevel2undertheInternationalNuclearandRadiologicalEventScale(INES),withthereleaseofgaseousandliquideffluentskeptfarbelowthenationalregulatorylimits.Alloftheunder-constructionnuclearpowergeneratingunitshaveintactqualityassurance,safetysupervisionandemergencypreparednesssystems.
中国高度重视核应急,始终以对人民安全和社会安全高度负责的态度强化核应急管理。
早在作出发展核电决策之时就同步部署安排核应急工作。
切尔诺贝利核事故发生后,中国明确表示发展核电方针不变,强调必须做好核应急准备,1986年即开展国家核应急工作。
1991年,成立国家核事故应急委员会,统筹协调全国核事故应急准备和救援工作。
1993年,发布《核电厂核事故应急管理条例》,对核应急作出基本规范。
1997年,发布第一部《国家核应急计划(预案)》,对核应急准备与响应作出部署,之后,为适应核能发展需要,多次进行修订形成《国家核应急预案》。
目前,中国核应急管理与准备工作的体系化、专业化、规范化、科学化水平全面提升。
Chinahasalwaysattachedgreatimportancetonuclearemergencyworkbytakingahighlyresponsibleattitudetowardthesafetyofthepeopleandsocietyasawholeinenforcingnuclearemergencymanagement.Arrangementshavebeenmadefornuclearemergencyworkintandemwiththedecisiontakentoproceedwithnuclearpowerdevelopment.InthewakeoftheChernobylaccident,Chinamadeitclearthattherewouldbenochangeinitsnuclearpowerdevelopmentpolicy,whilestressingthatagoodjobwouldbedoneonnuclearemergencypreparedness–withtheresultthatnationalnuclearemergencyworkgotoffthegroundin1986.In1991theNationalNuclearAccidentEmergencyCommitteewasinauguratedandcommissionedtomakeoverallplanningandcoordinatenuclearaccidentemergencypreparationsandrescueworknationwide.In1993ChinapromulgatedtheRegulationsonEmergencyMeasuresforNuclearAccidentsatNuclearPowerPlantstoformalizenuclearemergencybyregulatorymeans.In1997thefirstNationalNuclearEmergencyPlan(Scenario)wasissuedtolayoutarrangementsfornuclearemergencypreparationsandresponseintheformofagovernmentaldecision.Tocatertotheneedsofnuclearpowerdevelopment,multiplerevisionshavesincebeenmadetotheoriginalPlanandthelatestversionofNationalNuclearEmergencyPlanhasbeenenacted.Atpresent,China’snuclearemergencymanagementandpreparationshaveseencomprehensiveupgradesintermsofsystem,specialization,standardsandscientificrigor.
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