快递服务业概述外文文献原文及翻译.docx
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快递服务业概述外文文献原文及翻译.docx
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快递服务业概述外文文献原文及翻译
快递服务业概述
AnOverviewofExpressDeliveryServices
MaterialSource:
AReportByUS—ASEANBusinessCouncil,2005
Author:
JamesI.CampbellJr.
A.CharacteristicsofanExpressDeliveryCompany
Fourmajorintegrators:
UPS,FedEx,TNT,andDHL,accountforalmost85percentoftheworld'sexpressshipments.Theservicesthatthesecompaniesprovidegenerallysharethefollowingcharacteristicswhichdifferentiatethemfromothertraditionalformsofdeliveryservices:
Door-to-doordelivery:
thisincludestheseamlesstransferacrossmultiplemodes
oftransport.the“integrated”aspectoftheserviceofferedfreesthecustomerfromtheneedtomakecomplextransportationarrangementsforpick-upanddelivery。
Closecustodialcontrol:
Usingsophisticatedinformationsystemsthatenhancesecurity,EDSfirmsmaintainclosecustodialandadministrativecontroloverallshipments。
Thisisparticularlyimportanttoreducetheriskoflossordamagetogoodsintransit。
Trackandtracetechnology:
Shippersandconsigneesmaytracktheprecisemovementandlocationoftheirshipmentsandconfirmdeliverywiththeuseofsophisticated‘trackandtrace'technologythatanEDSfirmprovides。
Facilitationofcustomsclearance:
EDSfirmsassistwithcustomsclearancesothatcustomersdonothavetonavigatebureaucraticcustomsregimesandtherequiredpaperwork.
Highlevelofreliability:
EDSfirmspromisethatpackageswillarriveattherequireddestination,ontime,thisisparticularlyimportantforshipmentsofhigh—techcomponentsdueforproductionlines,aswellasessentialfinancialdocuments。
Globalservice:
themajorEDSfirmsoffertheircustomersdeliverytomarketandcitiesworldwidethroughanintricatenetworkofairhubsandstations。
EDSisanetworkbusiness。
Speedofdelivery:
Mostimportantly,OvernightandSecond-dayexpressservicesreduceoverallinventoryandwarehousingneeds,andimizesupplychainefficiency.theaverageshippingtimeformtheU。
S.toSoutheastAsiaisabout2-3workingdaysdoor—to-door.Together,thesecharacteristicsbringbusinessestimely,secure,andguaranteedworldwidedeliveryofdocuments,products,components,andsparepartstoassistwithefficientsupplychainmanagement.
B.BenefitstoBusinesses
Aircargorepresents40percentofthevalueofglobaltrade。
ThebulkofthisishandlebyEDSfirms。
ServicingtheneedsofbothmultinationalcorporationsandtheemergentsmallandmediumenterpriseSMEsectorintheirmanufacturing,import,andexportactivities,thisindustryhasbeenanimportantengineforeconomicgrowth.SectorswhichheavilyrelyonEDStoremaincompetitiveareknowledge—basedandtechnologicallyadvanced,includingthatofpharmaceuticalsandbiotechnology,informationtechnologyandtelecoms,textiles,automotive&transport,engineering,financialandbusinessservice,andtraditionalmanufacturing.
Toremaincompetitive,companiestodayfocusnotonlyonproductperformancebutalsofactorinhowwellcostscanbemanagedandreducedthroughdistributionandproduction,andhowquicklypartscanbebroughttogether,assembled,anddistributedtoglobalmarkets。
EDSfirmshelpwiththesmoothorchestrationoftheseactivitiesandarethereforepartofthecriticalinfrastructureforefficientsupplychainmanagement.
ReducingInventoryandOtherIndirectCosts。
WiththesupportofEDS,companiesnolongerhavetomaintainlargeinventoriesandcanthereforecarryoutbetterconcentration,rationalization,andlocationofwarehouses。
InastudyconductedbyGauschandKogan2001,companiesindevelopingcountrieswerefoundtohave2-5timesmoreinventoryholdingsinthemanufacturingsectorthancompaniesintheU。
S.
Havingtheseinventoriescouldconsequentlyreduceunitproductioncostsby20percent。
InatypicalAsianemergingmarket,logisticssupplychaincostsisashighas22—24percentoftotalproductioncostsformanufacturers。
Inanotherstudy,itwasfoundthatforevery$1spentonexpresstransportation,companieswouldsave$1.50inwarehousingandinventorycost。
Formanufacturers,takingadvantageoftheavailabilityofEDSallowsformoreefficientstockmanagementandproductiontechniquestobepracticed,includingtheabilitytorespondmorequicklytostockoutages,andproductioninterruptions.TheseindirectcostsarenotalwaysvisibleandoftenoverlookedbutarecriticaltoSMEsinemergingeconomies。
Otherimmediatecostsavingscanalsoberealizedthroughgreaterflexibilityinsourcing.Theflexibilityallowscompaniestosourcefromawiderarrayofsuppliersandreducetheirinputcosts。
IntroducingFlexibilityintoBusinessStructure
EDSallowsformoreflexiblebusinesssolutions。
RelyingonEDStobridgedistancesremovesthetraditionallyimportanttime—to-marketconsiderationandallowscompaniestomakestrategicdecisionsonwheretolocatetheirbusinessunitsbasedonfactorsofcompetition,proximitytosupportingindustries,andcomplementaryindustryhubs.
Thisisparticularlyrelevantforknowledge-basedindustriesinthebiomedicalandpharmaceuticalfield.InasurveyconductedofEuropeancompaniesinGermanyontheusageofEDS,80percentofsurveyrespondentsreportedtheimportanceofbeingbasedinlocationsproviding“imumparticipationinleadingresearchassociations。
”Decentralizationofresearch&developmentunitstohubswheretheselaboratories,testingcenters,hospitals,patentregistrationoffices,andresearchthinktanksarelocatedallowsbusinesstobenefitfromanenvironmentofinnovationimportanttoproductdevelopment.Atthesametime,productdevelopmentunitsrelyonEDStoshipsamplestomarketsforclinicaltrials,deliverhighlyclassifiedandproprietarylegaldocumentsandpatentapplications,shipurgentlyneededdrugstohospitals,andmaintain“just-in-time”stock-managementpracticesforitslaboratories。
C。
EconomicBenefits
Inmanypartsoftheworld,theEDSsectorhasbeenacatalysttotradeandinvestmentgrowth,generatingprofoundmultipliereffectsforthewidereconomy。
ForASEANcountrieslookingtoextendtheirreachtoglobalmarkets,networksthatEDSfirmsbuildarecritical.Thesenetworksrendersupplychainsmoreefficientandcontributegreatlytoexportgrowth,stimulateforeigndirectinvestment,andfosterregionaldevelopmentandSMEgrowth。
FacilitatingExportGrowth
InASEAN,intra-regionaltradeaccountsforabout20percentofoveralltrade.Thisisconsiderablylessthaninmostregions。
Themainreasonsforthelimitedintra-regionaltradearethe“patternoflogisticscostsandinstitutionalbarrierstoland—basedtrade.”Thisphenomenonmakescountriesoftheregioneffectivelyclosertoindustrialcountriesthantoeachother。
TofullyrealizethebenefitstheASEANFreeTradeAgreementAFTA,bringinglaggingeconomiesandlandlockedcountriesintheregionuptomedianperformancelevelsiskey。
Thereisacausallinkbetweenconnectivityandoverallgrowthintrade,andanevenstrongercorrelationbetweentransportationandlogisticsinfrastructureandexportperformance.
Transportationandlogistics—relatedcostsinASEANcontinuetorepresentasubstantialpercentageoftheactualcostsofgoods。
Acountrywithhighlogisticscostsisfar,inaneconomicsense,frominternationalmarkets。
Inthestudy“TowardsaGeographyofTradeCosts”Hummel1999whichcomparedsalesbymanufacturersofsimilarproducts,exporterswith1percentlowershippingcostsenjoya5—8percenthighermarketshare。
InanotherstudyconductedbytheMcKinseyGroup,annualGDPforoneAsiancountryisforecastedtoincreaseby1。
5to2percentby2010iflogisticscostsarereducedby15to20percent。
Thisisincontrasttoanongoing$10billioninfrastructureprojectwhichwouldonlygenerate0。
7to1percentGDPgrowthoverthesameperiod。
Indeed,injectingcompetitionintotheindustrytolowerlogisticscostscangiveasignificantcompetitiveedgetoproducersinanopeneconomy。
Efficientinter—modaltransportation,includingtheuseofEDS,wouldresultinmoreefficientsupplychainmanagement.
Theseefficienciesundoubtedlyreplicategainsintheexportsector.AstudyconductedbytheEconomicStrategyInstituteconductedthatfurtherdevelopmentandliberalizationintheairexpressindustrycouldresultinpercentagesgainsforexportsperyearfrom2004—2008between0.386-0.562percentperyearforSingapore:
2.895-4.215percentperyearforMalaysia,Thailand,andthePhilippines;and3。
86—5.62percentperyearforVietnamandIndonesia.
FacilitatingFDIandPromotingRegionalDevelopment
EDSfirmsplayacriticalroleininfluencingcompanydecisionsonhowmuchandwheretoinvest。
ThisisespeciallyapplicabletoremotemarketswhereEDSfirmsassistinovercomingproblemsofgeographyandweakertransportationinfrastructure.Fifty-eightpercentofparticipatingcompaniesinasurveyconductedforthereport“TheEconomicImpactofExpressCarriersinEurope”OxfordEconomicForecasting,2004considereasyaccesstomarkets,customersorclients,as“absolutelyessential”whendecidingwheretolocate。
IntheEU,theimportanceofEDSiscompellingwithoutEDS,35percentofthoseinterviewedforastudyinPortugalsaidtheywouldhavetorelocate;15percentoftheUKand10percentoftheItaliancompaniessurveyedwouldconsiderrelocatingabroad;and30percentoftheFrenchcompaniesand10percentoftheBelgianfirmssurveyedwouldconsideroutsourcing.TheEDSindustrynowsupports530000directandindirectjobsintheEU。
Theirpresencehasinjectedthemuchneededdownstreaminvestmentforcreatingjobsinthe10newEUmemberstates
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