全面升级两车道的道路网络模型.docx

全面升级两车道的道路网络模型.docx

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全面升级两车道的道路网络模型

Eur.Transp.Res.Rev.（2012）4:

125–135

DOI10.1007/s12544-012-0071-z

ORIGINALPAPER

Comprehensivemodelforupgradingtwo-laneroadnetwork

GrigoriosPapageorgiou&AnastasiosMouratidis&

NikolaosEliou

Received:

18April2011/Accepted:

4January2012/Publishedonline:

22January2012

#TheAuthor（s）2012.ThisarticleispublishedwithopenaccessatSpringerL

Abstract

ConceptTroughrationalapproachadaptedtotheactualconditionandneedsofnationalandregionalnetwork;aRoadUpgradingManagementmodelhasbeenelaboratedprovidingtheoptimumupgradingstrategyineachcase.Startingfromthesimplesttotheheaviestandmostcostly,themodelenvisages,foreachroadheldforupgrading,theoptionsof‘Maintenance’,‘Rehabilitation’,‘Reconstruction’and‘NewAlignment’.MethodsThechoiceamongthesestrategiesisbasedonamathematicalalgorithmconsistingofaneffectivesequentialstructure.Facingeachconcretecaseofanagedroad,thefirststepistoproceedtoasitesurveyprovidingroadgeometricfeatures,pavementcharacteristicsandtrafficvolume.Thelevelofservice（LOS）derivediscomparedtothelevelofservicerequired.Whileproceedingtothethresholdexaminationofgeometricfeaturesinarealisticway,theproposedmodelprovidesrespectiveappropriatevaluesrelatedtoactualneeds.ResultsAfteranexhaustiveconsiderationofgeometricfeaturesandindicesofenvironmental,socio-economicadaptation,theupgradingstrategiesareexaminedandeventuallyoverruledonebyone,finallyleadingtotheoptimumalternative.ConclusionsThispaperdealswiththemainissueofquantitativeandqualitativecriteriadefinition,inordertoproceedtosuchafullroadconditionassessment.Roadauthoritiescanusethisapproachasareliabletoolintheframesofaneffectiveroadupgradingmanagement.

G.Papageorgiou（*）:

N.Eliou

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofThessaly,

Volos38334,Greece

e-mail:

papageor@anhma.gr

A.Mouratidis

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,

AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,

Thessaloniki54124,Greece

KeywordsRoad.Optimization.Upgrading.

Management.Safety

1Initialapproach

Nowadays,themainproblemtobefacedintheframesofaroadmanagementpolicyisthecomplianceofoldroads,constructedinthe50’sor60’s,tonewconstructionstandardsandtrafficneeds,througharealisticandcomprehensiveapproach.Themodelproposedinthepaperentitled‘ARationalApproachforOptimizationofRoadUpgrading’[10]ismeantforpointingouttoroadauthoritiesawaytoupgradeeachpartoftheoldroadnetworkwithoutexceedingexpensesinanon-effectiveway,mitigatingimpactsofimplementedsolutions.Additionally,thisrationalmethodofupgradingcanbeusefulintermsofclassifyingroadswithrespecttotheirperformanceandtoassessimprovementpriorities,inaccordancewithaninnovativeroadmanagementpolicy.Fromthisscope,themodelinquiresspecificandeasyapplicablewaysofimplementingtechnicalobservationsandmeasurementsofgeometricandfunctionalroadcharacteristics.Integrationoftechnical,environmentalandsocialissuesisthemainprismofapproaching.Eachoneofthefourupgradingstrategiesproposed,referstospecificengineeringoperationswhilethetermattributedtoeachoptionisconsideredtobethebestmatching.‘Maintenance’,‘Rehabilitation’,‘Reconstruction’and‘NewAlignment’optionsarenamelyselectedaccordingly,insequence,withrespecttotheextentoftheintervention.Thepurposeofthispaperistoprovidespecificquantitativeandqualitativecriteriafortheassessmentofroadelementsadequacy,inordertoapplythismethodindetail.

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2Existingmodels

InmostEuropeancountries,agreatpartofthenationalandtheregionalnetworkisquiteold.Unlessproperlyrehabilitated,thesetraditionaltwo-laneroadshardlyprovidethelevelofservicerequiredbycurrenttrafficneeds.Intheframeofupgradingoperations,usuallydictatedbypoorpavementconditionorlowlevelofservice（LOS）,thecommonpracticeconsistsofresurfacingthetraffickedsurface.Thebasicalignmentfeaturesremainunchanged.Thismayresultinagood-lookingrestoredstructurewhich,however,presentssignificantdeficiencieswithrespecttobearingcapacityandalignmentsuitability.Theexistingroadupgradingmodelsmainlydealwithpavementresurfacing.In1980,theTransportationResearchBoard（TRB）introducesa‘DecisionMethodologyforMaintenanceandUpgrading’oflow-volumeroads,estimatingmaintenancecostandproposesaGeneralisedRoadRoughnessIndexforWorldwideUse[14].Inthesamedirection,theMinnesotaDepartmentofTransport（Mn/DOT）usesthreeindicestoreportandquantifypavementcondition[9].ThemainoutputsoftheHighwayDevelopmentandManagementManual[18]includepredictionofpavementperformanceandmaintenance,roadimprovementeffects,usercostsandbenefits,estimatesofenvironmentaleffects,standardeconomicindicatorsetc.In2003,TRBpublishestheresultsofaresearchentitled‘GeometricDesignConsistencyonHigh-SpeedRuralTwo-LaneRoadways’[16].Thequintessenceofthisparticularresearchisfocusedinthedefinitionofterm‘designconsistency’asfollows:

‘Designconsistencyistheconformanceofahighway’sgeometricandoperationalfeatureswithdriverexpectancy’.TheresearchteamdevelopedthebasisforanexpertsystemondesignconsistencytosupplementworkdonebyothersinthedevelopmentofFHWA’sInteractiveHighwaySafetyDesignModel（IHSDM）.Inordertoplacetheproposeddesignconsistencysystemintoperspective,abriefreviewofpreviousresearchondesignconsistencyishereafterpresented.Anincreasingnumberofjurisdictionsclassifytravelcorridorimprovementsintoresurfacing–restoration–rehabilitation（3R）andresurfacing–restoration–rehabilitation–reconstruction（4R）projects.In2001,theTransportationAssociationofCanada（TAC）CanadianGuideto3R/4Rstatesthata3Rprojectwillincorporateoneormoreofresurfacing,restoration,andrehabilitation[13].A4Rprojectwillalsoentailreconstruction,whichwillhappeninconjunctionwithresurfacing,restoration,andrehabilitation.TheVermontAgencyofTransportation[17]hasasystemthatinvokesvariousLevelofImprovement（LOI）based,principallyonthefunctionalclassificationoftheroads;someclassesofroadsarenoteligibleforcertaintypesofimprovementunderthecriteria.Underthesecriteria,transportation

Eur.Transp.Res.Rev.（2012）4:

125–135

projectsinvolvingextensiveimprovementswillonlybeconsideredinmajorcorridors.TheremainingcorridorswillbeeligibleforlessextensiveimprovementsbasedontheirAverageAnnualDailyTraffic（AADT）,aswellastheirimportancetostate-widemobility.ForLowVolumeRoads（LVR）inSaskatchewan（2007）,asimilarapproachtoVermonthasbeendeveloped[11].ThisapproachisbasedoncertainLevelsofImprovement（LOI）,dependantontheroadwaygeometrics,thecurrent

surfaceconditionrating,aswellastheambientconditionsofthetravelcorridor.Itmustberecognizedthatwithlimitedresources,itisnotpossibletoupgradeallLVRinSaskatchewantothedesirabledesignstandardscurrentlyoutlinedintheDesignManual.TheobjectiveofvariousLOIistomaintainsafeandefficientoperationsatthelowestcapitalcostspossible,whileensuringcorridorcontinuityandconsistency.ThethreeLOIinSaskatchewanareMinorUpgrading,MajorUpgrading,andReconstruction.SomekeyinformationabouttheLOIsystemis:

&ThelargestpercentageofprojectsisexpectedtobeclassifiedasMinorUpgrading;

&Theaccidenthistoryalongtheproposedprojectlengthisconsideredtobeanindicationofthecurrentconditionoftheroadwayandwillfacilitatethedeterminationofitspriorityforimprovements;

&AFieldReviewwillbecompletedbyanAssessmentTeaminordertoevaluatethecurrentstateoftheroadwayandcorridor,sothatitcanbeclassifiedforthevariousLOI;

&SigningandmarkingarerequiredforallLOIintheLVRCriteria;and

&Reconstructionisanextrememeasurethatwillseldombeusedandonlyconsideredonaprojectbyprojectbasis.Researchprojectsinthepasthavesoughttodevelopprogramsthatreviewdesignconsistencyeitherquantitatively[6,8]orqualitatively[2]withvaryingdegreesofsuccess.

Asanexceptiontothisruleofpurelyengineeringconsiderationofaroadupgradingproject,theProjectDevelopmentandDesignManual（PDDM）oftheFederalHighwayAdministration[5]proposesanintegratedmodelbasedonsocial,economicandenvironmental（SEE）assessment.However,themanualisgeneralandquitecomplicated,someoftheanalysismodulesrequiringhighexpertiseintheuseofthesystem.Despitethefouralternativesproposedforupgrading,thePDDMdoesnotprovidespecificcriteriaforthebestoption.

Deductively,certainmodelsleadtotheoptimumupgradingalternativebyintroducingthecost（operationsandroaduserscost）astheonlycriterionfordefiningthescopeoftheengineeringproject.

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3Selectedmodelforroadupgrading

Theselectedmodel,intermsofwhichquantitativeandqualitativecriteriaarepresentedhereafter,istheaforementionedoneproposedbyMouratidisandPapageorgiou[10].Intheframesofthisapproach,theselectedmodelintegratestechnical,environmentalandsocialissues.Thekeyelementsofselectedmethodologyarethefollowing:

&Theoptimumupgradingalternativeischosenbyspecificselectioncriteria.

&Alltheimportantissues,includingsafety,consistencyofalignment,LOS,comfortandenvironmentaladaptationareconsidered.

&Eacholdtwo-laneroadisclassifiedintofourdi