刑事诉讼法大纲美国法学院.docx
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刑事诉讼法大纲美国法学院.docx
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刑事诉讼法大纲美国法学院
EmanuelLawOutlines
CriminalProcedure
Chapter1
CONSTITUTIONAL
CRIMINALPROCEDUREGENERALLY
I.STATEPROCEDURESANDTHEFEDERALCONSTITUTION
A.Meaningof"criminalprocedure":
Theterm"criminalprocedure"referstothemethodsbywhichthecriminaljusticesystemfunctions.Herearesomeofthetopicsthatareusuallyincludedwithincriminalprocedure:
1.Thearrestingofsuspects.
2.Thesearchingofpremisesandpersons.
3.Theuseofelectronicsurveillanceandsecretagents.
4.Theinterrogationofsuspects,andtheobtainingofconfessions.
5.Theuseofline-upsandotherpre-trialidentificationprocedures.
6.TheExclusionaryRule,andhowitaffectstheadmissibilityofevidenceobtainedthroughmethodsthatviolatetheConstitution.
7.Therighttocounsel.
8.Grandjuryproceedings.
9.Bailandpreventivedetention.
10.Pleabargaining.
11.Therighttoaspeedytrial.
12.Pre-trialdiscovery.
13.TheDoubleJeopardyclause.
B.FocusonU.S.Constitution:
ManyaspectsofcriminalprocedureareregulatedbytheU.S.Constitution,particularlytheBillofRights(thefirsttenamendments).Asdiscussedbelow,mostfederalconstitutionalprovisionsconcerningcriminalprocedurearebindingonstateproceedingsaswellasfederalones.
1.Non-constitutionalissues:
Thestatesarefreetodeveloptheirownproceduresfordealingwithcriminalprosecutions,aslongasthesedonotviolatethefederalconstitution.
C.ApplicabilityofBillofRightstostates:
Indecidinghowthefederalconstitutionappliestostatecriminalprosecutions,theSupremeCourtfollowsthe"selectiveincorporation"approach.Underthisapproach,notallrightsenumeratedintheBillofRightsareapplicabletothestate,butifanyaspectofarightisfoundtobesonecessarytofundamentalfairnessthatitappliestothestates,thenallaspectsofthatrightapply.Thusifarightisapplicableinstatecourts,itsscopeisthesameasinfederalcourts.[2]
1.Allbuttworightsapplicabletostates:
AllBillofRightsguaranteeshavebeenheldapplicabletothestates,exceptfortwo.[5]ThetwoBillofRightsguaranteesthathavenotbeenfoundapplicabletothestatesare:
a.Bail:
TheEighthAmendment’sguaranteeagainstexcessivebail(sothatapparently,astatemaychoosetoofferbail,butmaythensetitinan"excessive"amount);and
b.Grandjuryindictment:
TheFifthAmendment’srighttoagrandjuryindictment(sothatastatemaydecidetobeginaprosecutionbyusingan"information"preparedbytheprosecutorratherthanagrandjuryindictment).
D.Raisingconstitutionalclaimsinfederalcourt:
Adefendantinastatecriminalproceedingcanofcourseraiseintheproceedingitselftheclaimthathisfederalconstitutionalrightshavebeenviolated(e.g.,bytheuseagainsthimofacoercedconfessionorthefruitsofanillegalsearchandseizure).
1.Federalhabeascorpus:
Butthestatecriminaldefendanthasinsomesituationsasecondchancetoarguethatthestatetrialhasviolatedhisfederalconstitutionalrights:
hemaybringafederalactionforawritofhabeascorpus.Thedefendantmaybringahabeascorpusproceedingonlyafterhehasbeenconvictedandhasexhaustedhisstateappellateremedies.Thepetitionforhabeascorpusisheardbyafederaldistrictcourtjudge.Ifthejudgefindsthattheconvictionwasobtainedthroughaviolationofthedefendant’sconstitutionalrights,hecanorderthedefendantreleased(usuallysubjecttoanewtrial).[5]
a.Limits:
Therearesignificantlimitsonthekindsofargumentsadefendantcanmakeinafederalhabeascorpusproceeding.Mostimportant,insearchandseizurecases,ifthestatehasgivenDtheopportunityfora"fullandfairlitigation"forhisFourthAmendmentclaim(thatis,thedefendantgotafairchancetoarguethatevidenceshouldnotbeintroducedagainsthimbecauseitwasthefruitofanillegalsearchorseizure),Dmaynotmakethisargumentinhishabeascorpuspetition,evenifthefederalcourtisconvincedthatthestatecourtreachedthewrongconstitutionalconclusion.[Stonev.Powell][5]
II.STEPSINACRIMINALPROCEEDING
A.Hereisabriefsummaryofthestepsinacriminalproceeding:
1.Arrest:
Whenapoliceofficerhasprobablecausetobelievethatasuspecthascommittedacrime,theofficermakesanarrest.Anarrestmayoccureitherwithorwithoutawarrant(mostaremadewithoutawarrant).Arrestusuallyinvolvestakingthesuspectintocustodyandtransportinghimtothepolicestation.[7]
2.Booking:
Atthepolicestation,thesuspectundergoes"booking"whichincludesenteringinformationabouthimintoapoliceblotter,photographingandfingerprintinghim.[7]
3.Filingcomplaint:
Aprosecutornowdecideswhetherthereisenoughevidencetofilecharges;ifso,theprosecutorpreparesa"complaint."[7]
4.Firstappearance:
Afterthecomplainthasbeenfiled,thesuspectisbroughtbeforeamagistrate.Inmoststates,thisiscalledthe"firstappearance."Here,themagistrateinformsDofthecharges,notifieshimthathehastherighttocounsel,andsetsbailorreleasesDwithoutbail.[7]
5.Preliminaryhearing:
Ifthecaseisafelonycase,a"preliminaryhearing"isheld.Again,thisisinfrontofamagistrate,andusuallyinvolveslivewitnessessothemagistratecandeterminewhetherthereisprobablecausetobelievethatDcommittedthecrimecharged.[8]
6.Filingofindictmentorinformation:
Inthefederalsystem,orina"grandjury"state,thenextstepisforagrandjurytoheartheprosecutor’sevidenceandtoissueanindictment.Inanon-grand-jurystate,theprosecutornowpreparesan"information,"recitingthecharges.[8]
7.Arraignment:
Aftertheindictmentorinformationhasbeenfiled,Dis"arraigned";thatis,heisbroughtbeforethetrialcourtandaskedtopleadinnocentorguilty.[8]
8.Pre-trialmotions:
Defensecounselnowmakesanypre-trialmotions.[9]
9.Trial:
Nextcomesthetrial.Ifthechargeisafelony,oramisdemeanorpunishablebymorethansixmonthsinprison,allstates(andthefederalsystem)giveDtherighttohavethecasetriedbeforeajury.[9]
10.Sentencing:
IfDpleadsguiltyorisfoundguiltyduringthetrial,heisthensentenced(usuallybythejudge,notthejury).[9]
11.Appeals:
Aconvicteddefendantisthenentitledtoappeal(e.g.,onthegroundsthattheevidenceadmittedagainsthimattrialwastheresultofanunconstitutionalsearch).[9]
12.Post-convictionremedies:
Bothstateandfederalprisoners,evenafterdirectappeal,maychallengetheirconvictionsthroughfederal-courthabeascorpusprocedures.[9]
Chapter2
ARREST;PROBABLECAUSE;SEARCHWARRANTS
I.GENERALPRINCIPLES
A.FourthAmendment:
TheFourthAmendmenttotheU.S.Constitutionprovides,"Therightofthepeopletobesecureintheirpersons,houses,papers,andeffects,againstunreasonablesearchesandseizures,shallnotbeviolated,andnoWarrantsshallissue,butuponprobablecause,supportedbyOathoraffirmation,andparticularlydescribingtheplacetobesearched,andthepersonsorthingstobeseized."[12]
B.Appliestobothsearchesandarrests:
TheFourthAmendmentthusappliesbothtosearchesandseizuresofproperty,andtoarrestsofpersons.[13]
1.Invalidarrestnodefense:
Generally,thefactthatDwasarrestedinanunconstitutionalmannermakesnodifference:
adefendantmaygenerallybetriedandconvictedregardlessofthefactthathisarrestwasmadeinviolationoftheFourthAmendment.[13]However,whenevidenceisseizedaspartofawarrantlesssearchconductedincidenttoanarrest,theevidencewillbeexcludedasinadmissibleifthearrestwasaviolationoftheConstitution(e.g.,thearrestingofficerdidnothaveprobablecausetobelievethatDhadcommittedacrime).[13]
2.Probablecauseforissuanceofwarrant:
Whereasearchorarrestwarrantisissued,theFourthAmendmentrequiresthatthewarrantbeissuedonlybasedon"probablecause."Thisrequirementisquitestrictlyenforced.
3.Wherewarrantrequired:
Awarrantisusuallyrequiredbeforeasearchorseizuretakesplace,unlessthereare"exigentcircumstances."Anarrestwarrant,bycontrast,isusuallynotconstitutionallyrequired.
4.Searchmustalwaysbe"reasonable":
Whetherornotthereisasearchwarrantorarrestwarrant,thearrestorsearchmustnotbe"unreasonable."
5.Probablecauseforwarrantlesssearchorarrest:
ButthereisnorequirementintheFourthAmendmentthatawarrantlesssearchorseizuretakeplaceonlyuponprobablecause.Thisiswhypolicemayconductabrief"stopandfrisk"evenwithoutprobablecause:
theyaremakingaFourthAmendment"seizure,"butmerelyneedsomereasonablesuspicion,notprobablecause.(SeeTerryv.Ohio,discussedbelow.)
II.AREASANDPEOPLEPROTECTEDBYTHEFOURTHAMENDMENT
A.Katz"expectationofprivacy"doctrine:
AFourthAmendmentsearchorseizureonlytakesplacewhenaperson’s"reasonableexpectationofprivacy"hasbeenviolated.[14][Katzv.U.S.]
1.Waiverofprivacyright:
Aperson’sconductmaymeanthathehasnoreasonableexpectationofprivacyinaparticularsituation.Ifso,noFourthAmendmentsearchorseizurewillresult,evenifthepolicearedoingsomethingwhichanon-lawyerwouldthinkofasbeinga"search"or"seizure."
Example:
Dputssomepapersintoapublictrashbin,unawarethatthepolicearewatchinghisconductthroughbinoculars.Becauseapersonwhodisposesoftrashnormallydoesnothavea"reasonableexpectationofprivacy"astothetrash,thepolicedonotcommitaFourthAmendmentsearchorseizurewhentheygothroughthetrashbin’scontentsandremovethepapersbelongingtoD(andusetheseinasubsequentprosecutionofD).
a.Contexts:
Sometypesof
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