阅读理解15大原则.docx

阅读理解15大原则.docx

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阅读理解15大原则

这个阅读理解技巧的总结是针对考研英语的，但是对我们四级也非常适用。

阅读理解15大原则

关于阅读理解的复习，我们应当掌握的最基本的应试方法就是命题专家的出题思路和原则，考生应利用信号关键词来进行定位，然后到四个选项中找到最佳重叠原文意思的选项。

考生在判断选项是否能重叠原文时，常常会感到迷惑，无法判断选项是否与原文内容完全重叠，这是因为在设计考题时常用一些语言点来迷惑考生。

一般说来，命题专家最常用的有四种方式：

“语言简化”、“同义转化”、“反话正说”和“正话反说”。

“语言简化”就是在设置选项时，四个选项的长度及句法不应有太大差异，而选项所使用的语言难度必须低于文章本身的难度。

“同义转化”是出现最频繁的命题方式，几乎每年都有一些用这种方式设置的题目。

一．同义替换原则

Passage1

This,inbrief,iswhattheFuturistsays:

foracentury,pastconditionsoflifehavebeencontinuouslyspeedingup,tillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorresponding（相应的）change.Thisspeedingupoflife,saystheFuturist,requiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodernstress（压力）.

1.Futuristsclaimthatwemust.

［A］increasetheproductionofliterature

［B］usepoetrytorelievemodernstress

［C］developnewmodesofexpression

［D］avoidusingadjectivesandverbs

Passage2

WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexit（辞职）byclaiming"Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily".（2001年第67题）

2.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothisparagraph?

[A]Full-timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend.

[B]Thewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob.

[C]"Alateralmove"meanssteppingoutoffull-timeemployment.

[D]Thewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily.

Passage3

Duringthemiddleofthe19thcentury,Germany,alongwithotherEuropeannations,experiencedanunprecedented（史无前例的）rashofworkplacedeathsandaccidentsasaresultofgrowingindustrialization.MotivatedinpartbyChristiancompassion（怜悯）forthehelplessaswellasapracticalpoliticalimpulsetoundercutthesupportofthesocialistlabormovement.ChancellorBismarckcreatedtheworld'sfirstworkers'compensationlawin1884.

3.Theworld'sfirstworkers'compensationlawwasintroducedbyBismarck.

[A]forfearoflosingthesupportofthesocialistlabormovement

[B]outof（出于）religiousandpoliticalconsiderations

[C]tospeedupthepaceofindustrialization

[D]tomakeindustrialproductionsafer

4.WelearnfromthepassagethattheprocessofindustrializationinEurope_____.

[A]metgrowingresistancefromlaborersworkingatmachines

[B]resultedinthedevelopmentofpopularsocialinsuranceprograms

[C]wasaccompaniedbyanincreasednumberofworkshopaccidents

[D]requiredworkerstobeawareofthepotentialdangersattheworkplace

Passage4

TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.

Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,"acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.

Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients'pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.（2002年第56,57题）

5.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat.

[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients'pain.

[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives.

[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide.

[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide.

6.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?

[A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients'death.

[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.

[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.

[D]Adoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.

Passage5

Theresearchersstudiedthebehavioroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodtardily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan'sandDr.deWaal'sstudy.（05年23题）

7.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare.

[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.

[B]attentivetoresearchers'instructions.

[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.

[D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions

二．思维角度转换原则

思维角度转换包括正话反说和反话正说。

“反话正说”的命题方式是指文中用否定方式，选项用肯定的方式。

即所谓的否定形式表达肯定意思。

Passage6

Howthingshavechanged!

In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride."Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,"accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard'sKennedySchoolofGovernment,"ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,DC.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas"agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates."

8.TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe____.（00）

［A］turningofthebusinesscycle

［B］restructuringofindustry

［C］improvedbusinessmanagement

［D］successineducation

Passage7

Thestrange,almostincomprehensiblefactisthatmanyprofessors,justastheyfeelobligedtowritedully,believethattheyshouldlecturedully.Toshowenthusiasmistoriskappearingunscientific,un-objective,itistoappealtothestudents'emotionsratherthantheirintellect.Thustheideallectureisonefilledwithfactsandreadinanunchangedmonotone.

9.Themajorityofuniversityprofessorspreferthetraditionalwayoflecturinginthebeliefthat_____.

[A]itdrawsthecloseattentionofthestudents

[B]itconformsinawaytothedesignoftheCreator

[C]itpresentscoursecontentinascientificandobjectivemanner

[D]ithelpsstudentstocomprehendabstracttheoriesmoreeasily

Exercises:

10.Theyarenowhereclosetoachievinganything.

11.Heisnomorefittobeapresidentthanaschoolboywouldbe.

12.Awhaleisnolessamammalthanahorseis.

13.Idon’tsomuchlovehimassympathizewithhim.

14.Thereisnorulebuthasexceptions.

15.Theynevermeetwithoutquarreling.

16.Nobodysoughthisaidbutwerehelped.

17.Itneverrainsbutitpours.

18.Thepotentialbenefitofexercisescan’tbeoverestimated.

19.Hardlyadaygoesbywithoutmissingmymother.

另外一种常用的命题方式“正话反说”，是指原文用肯定方式表述，而选项用否定方式表述，两者意义相吻合。

Passage8

Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?

Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon'thaveunpredictablethings,youdon'thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddried（简洁的）reportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.（99年阅读）

20.Theauthorassertsthatscientists.

［A］shouldn'treplace“scientificmethod”withimaginativethought

［B］shouldn'tneglecttospeculateonunpredictablethings

［C］shouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicaljournals

［D］shouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchfindings

Passage9

Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.（9905）

21.Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch______.

[A]maynotbeasprofitableastheyareexpected

[B]canbemeasuredindollarsandcents

[C]relyonconformitytoastandardpattern（取决于对标准模式的遵守）

[D]aremostlyunderestimatedbymanagement

Exercises:

22．DonavanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.

23．Wecouldn’thavegonetothebeachonabetterday.

24．Itsresultsfellshortofmyexpectations.

25．ThisisthelastthingIwanttodo.

26．Youranswerisfarfrommysatisfaction.

27．Heisanythingbutanartist.

28．It’soutofthequestion/outofquestion.

29．ThisismorethanIcanchew./It’sbeyond/aboveme.我解决不了。

30．Heisgrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.

31．Youshouldhaveknownbetterthantotakemywordsseriously.

三．主题原则

主旨题题干的信号词为：

besttitle/mainidea/mostlikelytoagree/conclusion/

Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview./Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.

Hereisanexample,whichIhe