Corruption NEW.docx

Corruption NEW.docx

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CorruptionNEW

Executivesummary

Firstofall,amacroscopicviewofcorruptionpercentageindex2012isprovidedtocomparecorruptionallovertheworld.ItshowsthatNewZealandistheleastcorruptcountryintheworldandAustraliawithscoreof90.Australiaranked8withscoreof85.ThemostcorruptcountryisNorthKoreawithascoreof8.InthepartDefinitionofcorruptionoutlinesdefinitionofcorruptionthatcorruptionisspiritualormoralimpurityordeviationfromanidealandlistthreeformsofcorruption.Inthepart1.3and1.4emphasizetheimportanceofpreventingcorruption.TheICACestablishedin1989toreducescorruptionrisks.TherearethreefunctionsofICAC.ThebackgroundofinvestigationisRonald（Ron）Medich,Fortunato（Lucky）Gattellari,SenadKaminicareinvolvedinthecasemurderofMichaelMcGurk..Basedoncorroborationofkeyaspectsofthestatements,MrMacdonaldhasbreachedseveralprovisions.Therearefivestepstoconducttheinvestigation.

TheNSWIndependentCommissionAgainstCorruption（ICAC）hasfoundthatformerNSWenergyministerIanMacdonaldwassuspectedofsexualbribery.ThereisevidencethatMrMacdonaldacceptedthesexualbriberyastherewardforarrangingameetingbetweenbusinessmanRonaldMedichandCountryEnergymanagingdirectorCraigMurrayon15July2009.Afterthemeeting,MrMedichobtainedasignificantfinancialinterestastheresultofMrMacdonald’sministerialinfluencebypromotingtheservicesofRivercorpPtyLtd,whichisanelectricalcontractingcompany.

ThereareanumberofsubmissionsmadebyMrHale,counselforMrMacdonald.PrincipalamongthesewashiscomplaintthatMrMacdonaldwasprejudicedindefendinghimselfagainsttheallegationsbyreasonofafailuretoprovidehimwiththeparticularsoftheallegedcorruptconduct.Forthereasonssetoutbelow,theCommissionissatisfiedthat,duringthecourseofthepublicinquiryandpriortotheCommissionpreparingitsreportabouttheinvestigation,MrMacdonaldwasprovidedwithadequatenoticeoftheparticularsoftheallegationsmadeagainsthim,theevidenceinsupportofthoseallegationsandhowthatevidencemightsupportfindingsofcorruptconduct.

Intheforthpart4.DetailexplanationofActs,anothercaseisinvolvedtocomparetheIanMacdonaldcase.FurtherdiscussandanalyzewhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesofthesetwocasesaccordingtoICACAct.HowtheICACdealwiththesetwodifferentcasesandwhatkindofrecommendationsweregiventoDirectofPublicProsecution.Inparticular,focusonspecificdetailsofICACAct1988andCrimeAct1900whicharefoundationstoICACduringtheinvestigation.Suchas;section8andsection9ofICACAct1988;249BofCrimeAct1900.

Introduction

Recentnewsshowscorruptionhasbeenfoundasacommonphenomenoninbothdevelopingcountriesanddevelopedcountries.RecentlyaveryhotnewsinChina,theFormerChinesepoliticalstarBoXilaihasbeensentencedtolifeinprisonafterbeingfoundguiltyofcorruption.

1.1.ComparisonofCorruptionallovertheworld–--（chenmaocai11088832）

ThroughtheCorruptionpercentageindex2012,it'sclearthatcorruptionisamajorthreatfacinghumanity.Itgeneratespopularangerthatthreatenstofurtherdestabilizesocietiesandexacerbateviolentconflicts.TheCorruptionPerceptionsIndexscorescountriesonascalefrom0（highlycorrupt）to100（veryclean）.Theyellowareaisthecountrieswithlowercorrupt.Theredareasisthecountrieswithcomparablyhighcorrupt.Thedeepredarearepresentsthecountrieswiththemostcorrupt.

Whilenocountryhasaperfectscore,two-thirdsofcountriesscorebelow50,indicatingaseriouscorruptionproblem.ItshowsthatNewZealandistheleastcorruptcountryintheworldandAustraliawithscoreof90.Australiaranked8withscoreof85.ThemostcorruptcountryisNorthKoreawithascoreof8.

1.2.Definitionofcorruption

Corruptionisdefinedunderphilosophical,theologicalandmoralcontextasthedivergencefromtheidealandrelatestospiritualandmoralinfection.Someactivitiesconsideredcorruptincludefraudandbribery.WhenanemployeeoftheGovernmentperformscertainactivitiesthatindicatetheinappropriateuseofhisofficialtitletogainforpersonalbenefits,itiscalledasGovernmentof‘political’corruption.

Corruptioncanoccuronmanydifferentscales.Thereiscorruptionthatoccursassmallfavorsbetweenasmallnumberofpeople（pettycorruption）,whilethereisthecorruptionthataffectsthegovernmentonalargescale（grandcorruption）,andcorruptionthatissoprevalentthatitispartoftheeverydaystructureofsociety（systemiccorruption）.Corruptconduct,asdefinedintheIndependentCommissionAgainstCorruptionAct1988,isdeliberateorintentionalwrongdoing,notnegligenceoramistake.IthastoinvolveoraffectaNSWpublicofficialorpublicsectororganisation.Whileitcantakemanyforms;

（1）.apublicofficialimproperlyuses,ortriestoimproperlyuse,theknowledge,powerorresourcesoftheirpositionforpersonalgainortheadvantageofothers

（2）.apublicofficialactsdishonestlyorunfairly,orbreachespublictrust

（3）.amemberofthepublicinfluences,ortriestoinfluence,apublicofficialtousehisorherpositioninawaythatisdishonest,biasedorbreachespublictrust.

1.3.Reasonsofanti-corruption

Corruptionistheabuseofentrustedpowerforprivategain.Itisamajorbarriertodevelopmentandtheeffectivedeliveryofessentialservices,asitdivertsfundsawayfromactivitiesintendedforpovertyreductionandsustainableeconomicgrowth.Corruptionhasthegreatestimpactonpoorpeoplebecausepublicservices,onwhichtheyareparticularlydependent,becomedisproportionatelymoredifficultforthemtoaccess.Corruptioncanalsomakestatesmorevulnerabletocrisisbyweakeningtheintegrityofinstitutions,underminingsecurityandlawandorder,anderodingpublicconfidenceingovernment.Inordertopreventcorruption,itisimportanttoestablishaninstitutiontosupervisegovernmentalemployees.

TheNSWGovernmentestablishedtheIndependentCommissionAgainstCorruption（ICAC）in1989inresponsetogrowingcommunityconcernabouttheintegrityofpublicadministrationinNSW.

1.4.Whyexposingandpreventingcorruptionisimportant

Undetectedanduncheckedcorruptioninthepublicsectorcancauseseriousdamageincluding:

1.underminingpublictrustingovernment

2.wastingpublicresourcesandmoney

3.causinginjusticethroughadvantagingsomeattheexpenseofothers

4.inefficienciesinoperations

Reputationaldamagewhichmakesitdifficulttorecruitandretainqualitystafforobtainbestvalueintenderprocesses.Itmayalsobemoredifficultorattractbusinessinvestment,adverselyaffectingprosperity.

1.5.FunctionofICAC

TheInspectoroftheIndependentCommissionAgainstCorruption（theICAC） isanindependentstatutoryofficerwhoseroleandfunctionsistoholdtheICACaccountableinthewayitcarriesoutitsfunction.Thisiswhatisknownasanoversightfunction. TheInspector’sroleissetoutinPart5AoftheIndependentCommissionAgainstCorruptionAct1988（theICAC Act）. TheInspectorisnotsubjecttoICACinanyway.TheOfficeoftheInspectoroftheICAC islocatedinphysicallyseparatepremisesfromtheICAC.TheICACreducescorruptionrisksbyensuringthatmotivationtoactcorruptlyisrecognizedandmanaged,thattheopportunitytoengageincorruptbehaviorislimitedbythestructuresandsystemsoftheorganization,andthattheriskofdetectionisheightenedthroughsupervisionandreporting.

TheICAC'sprincipalfunctionsaresetoutintheIndependentCommissionAgainstCorruptionAct1988.Insummary,theyare:

（1）.toinvestigateandexposecorruptconductintheNSWpublicsector

（2）.toactivelypreventcorruptionthroughadviceandassistance,and

（3）.toeducatetheNSWcommunityandpublicsectoraboutcorruptionanditseffects.

ThejurisdictionoftheICACextendstoallNSWpublicsectoragencies（excepttheNSWPoliceForce）andemployees,includinggovernmentdepartments,localcouncils,andmembersofParliament,ministers,thejudiciaryandthegovernor.TheICAC'sjurisdictionalsoextendstothoseperformingpublicofficialfunctions.

FortheICACtobeabletopursueamatter（thatis,forthemattertobewithinICACjurisdiction）,thecorruptionmustinvolveoraffectaNSWpublicofficialorpublicauthority.

IftheICACistoconsiderinvestigatingthematter,theconductmustalsomeettheconditionssetoutinsection9oftheICACAct.Theseconditionsarethattheconductcouldconstituteorinvolve:

（1）.acriminaloffence,or

（2）.adisciplinaryoffence,or

（3）.constitutereasonablegroundsfordismissingorotherwiseterminatingtheservicesofapublicofficial,or

（4）.inthecaseofamemberoftheNSWParliamentorlocalgovernmentcouncillor,asubstantialbreachofanapplicablecodeofconduct.

TypesofpublicsectorconductotherthanthosedefinedintheICACAct,suchasinstancesofpooradministrationorapersonalgrievancearebestreferredtoanotheragencysuchastheNSWOmbudsmanortheAnti-DiscriminationBoard.AmatterisalsooutsidetheICAC'sjurisdictionifitrelatestocomplaintsagainstprivatesectororganisations,non-publicofficialsorFederalGovernmentbodiesinawaythathasnoconnectiontotheNSWpublicsector.

1.6.Backgroundofinvestigation

ThispartsetsoutbackgroundinformationconcerningtheinvestigationconductedbytheNSWIndependentCommissionAgainstCorruptionandthoseprincipallyinvolved.

InassociationwiththemurderofMichaelMcGurk,Ronald（Ron）Medich,Fortunato（Lucky）Gattellari,SenadKaminicandother