西方文化导论课件16课后题答案.docx
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西方文化导论课件16课后题答案.docx
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西方文化导论课件16课后题答案
西方文化导论课件1-6课后题答案
(1)GiveabriefaccountofthemajorachievementsofGreekculture,suchasthoseinreligion,philosophy,literatureandscience.
GreekreligionreallytookshapeduringtheHomericAgeandfeaturedpolytheismwithgodstakinghumanformandfeeling.GreekreligionmadeagreatcontributiontoGreekliterature,philosophyandart.ItisanimportantoriginofGreekmythologywhichwasfullydevelopedbythereligioustalesoftheHomericepicandthusaffectedthelaterdevelopmentofallkindsofGreekculture.
GreekphilosophystartedwithThales(640BC–547BC)whobelievedthatthematerialworld
originatedinwater.Hisphilosophywasmaterialism.HewasfollowedbyPythagoraswhoassumedthatthekeytotheunderstandingoftheworldisnumbers,ontheoppositionofthespokesmanforidealism.
ThecoreGreekphilosophersareSocrates,PlatoandAristotle.Socrateshadscantregardformaterialwealth,butwaskeenonprobingintothedefinitionofsomeethicalandbehavioralissues,suchas“friendship”and“courage”.
PlatoestablishedtheAcademy,thefirstGreekinstitutionofhigherlearning.Hiscontributionsincludedhistheoryofideasandhisargumentson“republic”whichwassupposedtoembracehisidealsaboutafuturestatewherehumanscouldenjoyahappylife.Aristotleisalsoalearned
manandhisworkcoverswide-rangingareas.Hisreputationasaphilosopherlargelydependsonhisargumentonmetaphysicswhichhetriedtoachieveacompromisebetweenmatteranddivinity.
LiteraryrepresentationcentredroundthetwoepicpoemsoftheIliadandtheOdyssey,lyrical
poetrybySapphoandPindaranddramabyAeschylus,EuripidesandAristophanes.TheirworkscombinedGreekmythsandsociallifeandwonmuchappreciationandenthusiasmfromthepublic.
InsciencethemathematicianEuclidestablishedplanegeometryandArchimedesdiscoveredtheratioofradiusofacircleandtherelationshipbetweenthevolumeandsurfaceofasphere.
(2)WhatdoyouthinkoftheinfluenceGreekculturehasexertedonWesterncivilizationasawhole?
Giveexamples.
GreekcultureisoftentermedthecradleoftheWesterncivilizationandhashadanenormousimpactonWesternculture.Thespecificcontributionsarefoundintheareasofphilosophy,politics,literature,art,scienceandarchitecture.
GreekpoliticswasoneofthegreatestinfluencesontheWesterncivilization.TheGreekswerethefirsttosuccessfullycreateagovernmentbasedontheconsensusofthepeopleandthusprovidedafoundationforWesterndemocracy.
Thesecondsignificantinfluencewasthatofphilosophy.TheSocraticideaaboutethicsandknowledgehelpedtheWesternerscaremorefortheeffectofknowledgeandvalueofmorality,bothofwhichgivesoundguidancetopeopleinthelateryearstoimproveandchangetheworldoutsidethemselves,i.e.,humansocietyandthenaturalworld.
LatergenerationsofWesternershavebenefitedalotfromGreekculture,suchasthoseinpainting,sculpture,architecture,drama,poetryandhistoricalworks.ClassicismhadGreekcultureasoneofthecrucialsources,andthishashelpedWesternerssomuchthattheyascribedtheoriginoftheRenaissancetoit.ThischangedtheintellectualconditionsofthelatermedievalperiodandopenedthewaytothemoderneraintheWest.
(1)TellbrieflythemajorcharacteristicsandcontributionsofRomanculture,asaredemonstrated
inreligion,poetry,historyandarchitecture.
Intheearlyperiod,Romancultureoftendependedheavilyontheintroductionandimitationofothercultures,particularly,Greekculture.However,theRomansshowedtheeclecticaspectintheirculture,i.e.Romansdidnottakeinallthattheycollectedfromotherculturesbutmodifiedanddevelopeditaccordingtotheirownneed.ThusRomanscreatedtheirownpowerfulculture,layingthefoundationforsubsequentWesterncultureinmanyfields.
BeforeChristianityappearedinRoma,ancientRomanswerepolytheists.Theyadoptedmanycultsfromotherreligions,fusingthemintotheirownreligion.AccordingtoGreekcultureandothers’culture,theycreatedtheirowngodsandmyth,suchasJupiter,Juno,andVenus,whichbecomesubjectmatterfortheartist,writers,andarchitectsintheircreativeproduction.Inpoetry,ancientRomemadebrilliantachievements,producingnumerousdistinguishedpoetsandpoems.ThepoetVirgil’sAeneidisconsideredasamodelepicintheEuropeanliterary
tradition.Heissofamousinpoetrythathewasmodeledformanypastoralwriters.Forexample,Italianpoet
DantecalledhimhisteacherinhismasterpieceTheDivineComedy.Horacewasnotonlyfamous
forhispoemsbuthiscritic.InhisEpistles,headvancedmanyinfluentialprinciplesforcreative
writing,exertinggreatinfluencesonlatergenerations.Inthe17thcenturyhisworkwastranslatedintoEnglish.AnotherimportantpoetwasOvid,whoseMetamorphosiswastranslated
intoEnglishandquotedfrequentlybymanyfamouswriters,suchasChaucer,Shakespeare,BenJonson,ShirleyandT.S.Eliot.
AnumberofimportanthistorianscameforthintheancientRomanperiod.Polybiuscreatedhistremendousworksconsistingof40books,History,whichspannedabout500years.Livywas
responsibleforthegreatHistoryofRomein142volumes.Hisworkshasalwaysbeencitedby
laterstatesmen,writersandscholarssuchasNiccoloMachiavelliandShakespeare.ThearchitectureofancientRomeadoptedtheGreekstyleforitsownpurposes,buttheRomansalsodevelopedanewkind.Theyweremoreutilitarianandshowedaninterestingrandeurandscale.Theyconstructedmanypublicedificeswhichstillexistedtodayandbecamethefamouskeypointofinterestfortheworld.Romansusedthearch,thevaultandthedome,anddiscoveredhowtomakeconcrete.
TheRomancultureintroducedtheRomanrealismandrealisticstyleinWesterncultureinpaintingandsculpturethroughmoderntimes.RomanculturenourishedemergingWesternculture,andeventheworldculture.Suchasplendidculturehasgreatlyenrichedculturalheritageofhumankind.
(2)InwhatsensedoyouthinkRomancultureoweditsaccomplishmentstothebenefitsobtainedfromGreekculture?
Giveexamples.
ItisuniversallyacknowledgedthatRomanculturelearnedandinheritedalotfromGreekculture.ThiscouldbeseeninwhatRomancultureadoptedfromGreekcultureasisdemonstratedinreligion,philosophyandliterature.
Inreligion,weknowmostofthegodsinRomanmythscamefromGreeklegendsintermsoffunctionandcontributiontotheirmyths.Nevertheless,RomehaditsownsystemofbeliefswhichhadbeensimpleandcouldhardlycomparewiththepluralityofGreekreligion.TheparallelarrangementofgodsprovidesaccurateevidencetoshowthesimilarityofthetworeligionsandRomanwisdominborrowingfineelementsfromanexternalcultureisobvious.ThesameistrueofRomanphilosophywherewecouldfindexamplestodemonstrateGreek
influenceontheirRomancounterpart.ThebestexampleisperhapsStoicismandEpicureanism,bothofwhichoriginatedfromGreeceandwerefurtherdevelopedandmodifiedinRome.Inliterature,RomanmenoflettersalsoborrowedagreatdealfromGreekculture.Forexample,onecouldfindlotsoftracesofGreektragedyinRomandrama.EveninVirgil’sbestknownepic
Aeneid,wecouldreadofsimilarstoryoftheheroinhisvoyagefromTroytoRome,comparedtoOdysseus,whoovercomesmanydifficultiesonhiswayhomethoughtheyarecertainlysetagainstdifferentbackgrounds.
Allinall,thetwoculturesarecloselylinkedpartlybecauseGreekcultureissoillustriousthatnoonecouldleaveitoutwithoutpickingupsomethingfromit.TheRomanpeopleweresufficientlyintelligentthattheycouldnotrefusetotakesuchanopportunitytolearnsomethingwhentheopportunitywasavailable.
HowwastheJewishCivilizationdevelopedafteratortuoushistoryofsplitandunification?
(1)
ThemajorexplanationforthedevelopmentoftheJewishCivilizationisitsstrongcohesivenessandvitality,whichsupportsitsunsubmissiveandpersistentadvancebyputtingupitsthreespiritualandphysicalpillarsasoneofthescholarssuggests:
“thenationalidentitybasedontheJewishculturaltradition,thecommonbeliefandvaluesenshrinedinJudaism,andthecommunitynetworkcenteredonthesynagogue”.
MuchoftheJewishculturewassafeguardedandwellpreservedbyexiledJews.Undertheguidanceofrabbis,theyputintoeffecttheirJudaistbeliefsandwhattheyreadofJudaistscriptures.TheycollectedandsystematicallyrecomposedthescatteredlegendsandmanuscriptsintotheTorahandtheMishnabeforetheycompiledfinallytheTalmud.
TheJewishCivilizationhadthusprogressedwitheachpassingdayuntiltheHaskalahMovementcameforwardinthe18thcentury,whichbroughtaboutspiritualawakeningandadrasticchange
oftheirculturalandsocialconditions.
FromthenonJewshavebeguntobecomeawareofthenecessitytoliberatethemselvesfromtherestrictivelawsandacquirenewknowledgeandmodernideasfromtheEuropeans,whichenabledthemtosecureapositionforthemselvesasaracebykeepingpacewiththeadvancedlevelsofsocial,economicandculturaldevelopments.MostoftheJewsthusreceivedagoodeducation,fullyarmedwithculturalandscientificknowledgeanddidwellintheirownpositionwhateveritwasthoughtheyhadnotyetestablishedorrecoveredtheirownland.Thustheyhavepreparedpersonnelofvariouskindsfortherevivaloftheircivilizationandoncethatcountrywasfounded,theycouldquicklyturnitintoawell-developednationinspiteofitssmallsizeandsmallpopulationjustaswhathashappenedinIsraelinrecentdecades.
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