BringewoodReportDL6Apr05.docx
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BringewoodReportDL6Apr05.docx
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BringewoodReportDL6Apr05
BringewoodChaseandsurroundingcountryside
DavidLovelace,April2005
ContentsPage
Introduction,summaryandacknowledgementsitoiii
1.Herefordshire/Shropshireborder-DomesdaytotheBlackDeath
1.1Strifeandstabilityofbordermanors1
1.2RoleofwoodlandandgrazingatthetimeofDomesday2
1.3Landhungerandagriculturalexpansion3
1.4Grazing,woodsandhunting4
1.5Chasesandforests5
1.6TheWigmoresurveysof1324and13256
1.7Parks.9
2.The15thcentury
2.1BringewoodChaseandWigmorewoodsbecomeroyal10
2.2OriginsofOakleyPark10
3.BringewoodchaseinTudortimes
2.2Tudoraccountsforthechase:
grazing,woodland,honey,waxandbark11
2.3Theerosionofcommonsrightsintheforestandchase12
2.4Deerofthechaseandproblemsfortheneighbours12
2.5Taverner’ssurveyof156513
3.5Customsofthechase13
4.ElizabethIandthecommercialisationofBringewoodchase
4.1ThewhingeingforestersofBringewood14
4.2Entrepreneursofthechase16
4.3NewenclosuresontheChase–opportunistsandimprovers17
4.4ThemapofBringewood157719
4.5ElizabethanwoodsalesfromBringewood–ananalysis
4.5.1Overviewofthewoodsalesmanuscriptdata20
4.5.2Weights,measuresandpricesforwoodandtrees21
4.5.3Sizes,agesandspeciesoftree22
4.5.4Coppicewoodland,‘Prestwood’,treesinpastureandtreespecies24
4.5.5Woodfuelsalesforthehousehold25
4.5.6Uncertaintiesintherecords:
hiddensales,theftsandtimescales25
4.5.7WoodfromBringewoodusedbyLudlowcastle26
4.5.8Non-fuelusesofBringewoodtimber27
4.5.9EstimatingtheareaofBringewoodChase27
4.5.10WaswoodconsumptionfromBringewoodsustainable?
28
4.5.11WhytheCrowngaveupaccountingtheforesteconomy28
5.ManaginggameandcommongrazingrightsinElizabethanBringewood
5.1Stockingdeerandapprehendingpoachers,afamilycareer29
5.2Dealingwithdogsandweapons29
5.3Roundinguplivestock30
5.4Impactofenclosuresonlivestockmanagement30
6.BringewoodForge:
fromsatanicmilltopicturesqueidyll
6.1AbriefhistoryoftheBringewoodironworks31
6.2Ironworksvsagriculture-impactonwoodland,‘forests’andchase32
6.3WoodconsumptionofBringewoodforge35
6.4ThefinalyearsoftheIronWorks,Downtonand‘thePicturesque’36
6.5Enlightenmentforestryandthewoodfaminemyth37
7.Bringewood1625to1948,finalenclosuresandpartialreversion
7.1Disputesoverenclosureandthe“Vaughan’sDitch”39
7.2TheCrowndisposesofBringewood,MocktreeandDerefold40
7.3LordCraven’smapofBringewood“asitisnowenclosed”40
7.4Reversionofenclosurestosemi-naturalpastureandwoodland42
8.OakleyandNorbacheParks–ElizabethantoVictoriantimes
8.1OakleyPark43
8.2NorbachePark45
9.ThenatureofBringewood,OakleyandtheHaltonsinthe19thcentury
9.1OakleyPark46
9.2TheHaltons46
9.3BringewoodandWhitcliffe46
9.4JuniperinBringewoodandsurroundings:
1840topresent47
10.ThelandscapeofBringewoodandsurroundings–thelast160years
10.1Victorianobservationsofforest,plantationandcoppicewoodland48
10.220thcenturyforestryandthemakingofthe‘Mortimer’forest49
10.3OakleyandNorbacheparks–postwarchanges.51
10.4TheHaltons52
11.BiologicalrecordsoftheBringewood,VinnalsandMaryKnoll
11.1Botany53
11.2Butterfliesandmoths53
11.3Otherordersofwildlife54
12.ProspectsforrestorationoftheBringewoodcountryside54
12.1Economics,theMortimerforestanda‘wordfromoursponsors’55
12.2‘Ancient’woodlandandpresentforestpolicy56
12.3From‘digforvictory’toparklandrestoration57
12.4Endpiece58
Table1.Domesdaymanorstheirvaluesandmentionsofwoodland1
Table2.RevenuefromalllandinthehonourofWigmore13257
Table3.WoodsandparksinthehonourofWigmore13258
Table4.AverageannualsalesofwoodandtimberfromBringewood22
Table5.PollardproductivityandsizeonBringewood23
Table6.NumberofmentionsofspeciesinMSSPROE178/96924
Table7.HouseholdfuelrequirementsfromBringewood25
Table8.ConsumptionbyLudlowcastleofwoodfromBringewood1579–158726
Table9.DescriptionsoftheenclosuresoftheChase166241
Appendix1SurveyofthehonourofWigmore1324and1325.Analysisandtext59
Appendix2Exampleofwoodsalesandwitnessstatements62
Appendix3ExtentofBringewoodchase.Thesoilsandgame64
Appendix41662BringewoodEnclosureparticulars66
Appendix5PlantsofVictorianBringewood,OakleyandtheHaltons67
Appendix6LepidopterarecordedatBringewoodChase1995-200269-74
Listoffigures36pagesfollowingpage74,inseparatefileReportFigures.doc
Introductionandsummary
Thetractofcountrysidethatisthesubjectofthisstudyisaborderareainanumberofways.
Itcomprisessome16squarekilometresstraddlingtheHerefordshire/Shropshirecountyboundary,fromtheriverTemesouthtoNorbacheParkinRichardsCastle,DowntonbridgetothewestandMaryKnolltotheeast.MostofthehighgroundisoccupiedbyForestEnterprise’sMortimerForestwhichincludesmuchoftheformerroyalchaseofBringewoodandrisingtonearly400metersatthe‘theHighVinnals’.
JustsouthoftheTemeatBromfieldliesOakleyParkwhileupstreamtoitswestisthespectacularwoodedgorgeofDownton,thelocationofoneofthemostproductivecharcoalironworksinBritain.DescendingnorthwardsfromthehighgroundofthechaseontheShropshiresidesare‘theHaltons’;LadyHalton,HillHaltonandPrior’sHalton,smallfarmingsettlementsoccupyingthefertileglacialterracesoftheTeme.
IntheMiddleAgestheareaoccupiedthenortheastextremityofthehonourofWigmore,seatofthepowerfulMortimers,LordsoftheMarch,whilethe‘HighVinnals’wasthewesternedgeofthepre-conquestmanorofRichardsCastle.Oakley,Prior’sHaltonandLadyHaltonontheShropshiresideofthecountyboundarywerepartoftheextensivelandsofBromfieldPriory.
DocumentationfromDomesdaytotheBlackDeathindicatesrisingagriculturalproductivity,fewwoodsandawoodpastureeconomyofmarginallands.ThisstudyoffersanewinterpretationandanalysisofafourteenthcenturysurveyoftheMortimermanorsofthehonourofWigmorewhichshedssomelightuponthecharacterofthewoods,parksandwoodpastureofthesemanorsatthistime.
BringewoodbecamearoyalchasewhenEdwardMortimerwascrownedEdwardIVin1461afterthebattleofMortimersCrossasdidneighbouringMocktreeandnearbyDeerfoldbecomeroyalforests.TheyremainedincrownhandsuntilsoldoffunderJamesI.Manysurveys,accountsandinquiriesrelatingtoBringewood,MocktreeandDeerfoldhavesurvivedfromTudorandElizabethantimesmanyofwhicharetranscribedandanalysedforthefirsttimeinthisstudy.Feudaltraditions,preservedbythesemi-autonomousMarcherlordships,becameweakenedbythevariousstatutesofHenryVIIIwhosoughttounifythegovernanceandlegalsystemsofEnglandandWales.Customaryrightstotheresourcesofforestandchase,enjoyedbygenerationsofpeopleofthenearbymanors,weregraduallydismantled.BytheElizabethanera,theadministrationandexploitationofroyalforestshadbecomeasemi-privatisedindustrywherebyforestofficialsandleaseholdersofroyallandsmadethemselvessmallfortunesandcarvedlittleestatesoutoftheforests.OriginaldocumentsshowthisprocessingreatdetailforBringewoodChasealongwithmanyvignettesofeverydaylifesuchasimpoundinglivestock,confiscatingweaponsandhangingdogs.
TheamountofwoodandtimbertakenoutofBringewoodChasebylocalpeople,forestofficials,LudlowCastleandtheBringewoodironworksisestimatedandseemstohavebeensustainable.Theanalysisrevealsthesize,area,typesandspeciesoftreesandcoppicewoodlandthatgrewonthechase.ThelossoftheBringewoodChase,itssemi-naturalresources,ancientcustomsandmultipleusesbylocalpeoplewasduetoitsenclosureandattemptedconversiontoagricultureinthe17thcentury,muchofwhichhadrevertedtosecondarywoodlandacoupleofcenturieslater.
ThisdevelopmentofBringewoodChasecameatatimeofintellectualradicalism,whichstraddledtheinterregnumandcanbedescribedas‘Puritanutopianism’,whichincludednovelbutusuallyimpracticalschemesfortheimprovementofagricultureandforestry.Theseareexaminedsincethesameconceptsresurfacethreecenturieslaterinthesingle-mindedandstate-fundeddriveto‘improve’agriculture,forestryandsemi-naturalareasandwhichweretoradicallyalterthecountryside.BringewoodChaseanditssurroundingcountrysideisaworkedexampleofthisprocessinmicrocosm.
TheinheritoroftheBringewoodironworksandmuchofthesurroundinglandinthelate18thcenturywasRichardPayneKnight,classicist,connoisseurandadvocateof‘natural’schooloflandscapeappreciationthatbecameknownastheknownasthePicturesque.ThesewaysofseeingthecountrysidewerereflectedintheobservationsofwoodlandsandforestsofnorthHerefordshirebylocalnaturalhistoriansinthe19thcentury.SomesenseofthecharacterandecologyofBringewoodchase,OakleyParkandtheHaltonsatthistimeisderivedfromareviewoftherecordsofVictorianbotanists.
TheForestryCommissionacquiredBringewoodChase,thecoppicewoodlandsofRichardsCastleandNorbacheParkinthe1920’stoestabli
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