CHapter-5The-Minor-Process-of-English---Word-formation.ppt
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CHapter-5The-Minor-Process-of-English---Word-formation.ppt
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5-2-2TheMinorProcessesofEnglishWord-formation,1)Clipping2)Acronymy3)Blending4)Back-formation5)Analogy6)Onomatopoeia,1Clippingorshortening(缩短法),1Clippingorshortening(缩短法)Clippingorshorteningisamethodofshorteningalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalwithoutchangingitsmeaning.e.g.gas(fromgasoline)汽油bus(fromomnibus)公共汽车InModernEnglishphrasesalsocanbereplacedbytheuseofclipping.e.g.prefab(fromprefabricatedstructure/house)预制品ClippingisanimportantdeviceofformingnewwordsinModernEnglish.,1)Frontclipping2)Backclipping3)Frontandbackclipping4)Middleclipping5)Phraseclipping6)Journalistclipping7)Backclipping+suffix,Seventypesofclipping:
1)Frontclipping:
chute(fromparachute)降落伞quake(fromearthquake)copter(fromhelicopter)直升机2)Backclipping:
demo-demostration演示;样本唱片;示威Frenchfries(fromFrenchfriedpotatoes)memo(frommemorandum)备忘录taxi(fromtaxicab,cabusedintheU.S)dorm(fromdormitory),3)Frontandbackclipping:
flu(frominfluenza)流行性感冒script(fromprescription)处方,药方,对策tec(fromdetective),4)Middleclippingcurtsy屈膝礼(fromcurtsey)礼貌,恩惠maths/math(frommathematics)specsspeksabbr.规格,说明书(specifications);口眼镜(spectacles)5)Phraseclippinglube(fromlubricatingoil)润滑油nylonsnailn(fromstockingsmadebynylon)尼龙长袜Three-D(fromthree-dimensionalfilmorform;animageorapictureproducedinit.)三维的zoo-zoological,zuldik,zu:
-,】garden动物园,6)JournalisticclippingCwlth(fromtheCommonwealth)联合体,联邦Dept(fromdepartment)部门,系7)Backclipping+suffixaggro:
1.n.aggression+-o暴力行为,恼怒2.adj.aggressive激进的,挑衅的comfy(fromcomfortable)舒适的,充裕的hanky/hankie(fromhandkerchief)手帕,2Acronyms(首字母缩略词),Anacronymisawordformedfromtheinitialletterofawordthatmakesupaname.1.Acronymswhicharepronouncedassequenceofletterscanbecalledalphabetisms,lfbtizm.字母编序主义,b)Thelettersrepresentelementsinacompoundorjustpartsofaword.,ID-identificationcard(身份证)TB-tuberculosistju:
b:
kjulusis(肺结核)TV-televisionc)Thelettersrepresentoneword:
BBQ(1709)-barbecue野外宴会,2)Acronymsarepronouncedasaword,e.g.,Fax(1948)-(byshorteningandalteration)facsimile(传真),adeviceusedtosendorreceivefacsimilecommunications.LAN(1948)-LocalAreaNetwork(局域网)UNESCO-UnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganization(联合国教育科学文化组织)TOEFL-TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage,Acronymsmaybesubdividedintosixgroupsaccordingtotheirusage.,acronymsexpressingthenamesoforganizations,etc.AFL-AmericanFootballLeague(美国足球联盟)AFL-CIO-AmericanFederationofLaborandCongressofIndustrialOrganization(美国劳工总会与产业劳工组织)CIA-CentralIntelligenceAgency(中央情报局)CNN-CableNewsNetwork(美国有线新闻网)FBI-FederalBureauofInvestigation(美国联邦调查局)NSC-NationalSecurityCouncil(国家安全委员会)NSF-NationalScienceFoundation(国家科学基金会)RAF-BrERoyalAirForce(英国国家空军)TUC-BrETradeUnionCongress(英国劳工联合会),b)acronymsrepresentingthenamesofmechanisms:
ERTS-EarthResourcesTechnologySatellites(地球资源技术卫星)SST-supersonictransport(超音速运输机)c)acronymsdenotingscientificterms:
ABD-AllButDissertation(准博士)ESL-EnglishasaSecondLanguageTEFL-TeachingEnglishasaForeignLanguaged)acronymsexpressingthetitleofatechnicalorprofessionalpostMA-MasterofArtsDA-DoctorofArtsDE-DoctorofEngineering(工程学博士)PhD-DoctorofPhilosophy(哲学博士)DSC-DoctorofScience(理学博士),e)acronymsrepresentingcommonwords:
aka-alsoknownas(亦称为)OKorO.K.orOkay-initialsofOldKinderhook,thenicknameofMartinVanBuren,whosebirthplacewasKinderhookinthestateofNewYorkOC-oralcontraceptive(口服避孕药)f)semi-acronyms(半缩略语)DNotice-DefenseNotice(国防机密通知)H-bomb-hydrogenbomb(氢弹)N-bomb-nuclearbomb(核弹)T-shirt-(1920)acollarlessshortsleevedorsleevelesscottonundershirt,Blending,(拼缀法),3Blending(拼缀法),Ablendisacompoundwordmadebyblendingonewordwithanotherword.e.g.Amerind美洲印第安人AmericanIndianEuroport欧洲港口Europeanport,Blendingisaprocessofword-formation,inwhichanewwordismadebyusingthepartsorthefullformofthetwowordsandcombiningtheirmeanings.,Therearefourtypesofblendingaccordingtotheirmorphologicalstructures.,1.head+tail2.firstword+tail3.head+secondword4.head+head,1)head+tail:
e.g.adverticsadvertisingstatisticsautocideautomobilesuicideEurovisionEuropeantelevisionJaplishJapaneseEnglish,广告统计,自我毁灭,撞车自杀,欧洲电视网,日语式英语,2)word+tail:
e.g.breathalyserbreath+analyzerlunarnautlunar+astronautnightglownight+airglow大气光NixonomicsNixon+economics,呼气测醉器,登月宇航员,夜气辉,尼克松经济,3)head+word:
e.g.astropolicyastronautical+policyEurasiajurei(n)European+Asiahi-risehigh+riseMedicaremedical+care,(为宇航员、航天员投保的)宇宙保险单,欧亚大陆,高楼;大厦,医疗保险,4)head+head:
e.g.interpolinternational+policemopedmupedmotor+pedal.psywapsychological+warfaresitcomsituation+comedy,心理战,国际刑警组织,机动脚踏车,情景喜剧,Back-formation逆成法,4Back-formation,Back-formationisanabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromanalreadyexistinglongerwordinthevocabulary.affixat
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- CHapter The Minor Process of English Word formation
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