国外社会心理学3课件4.ppt
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国外社会心理学3课件4.ppt
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ConfirmationBiasWetendtoaskquestionsthatwillconfirmourhypothesesSnyder&Swan-toldtofindoutwhethersomeoneisanintrovertpeopletendtoaskquestionslike“whatfactorsmakeithardforyoutoreallyopenuptopeople?
”Toldtofindoutwhethersomeoneisanextrovertpeopletendtoaskquestionslike“Whatkindofsituationsdoyouseekoutifyouwanttomeetnewpeople?
”WhentheyletpeopleanswerthesequestionsandotherpeoplelistenedtoonlytheanswerstheythoughttherespondentswerelikethequestionsaskedBaserates(Study3)andmonetaryincentivestobeaccurate(Study4)donoteliminatethiseffectSnyder&Swan-ConfirmationBiasStudies1&2combinedTheTrope&BassokResponsetotheSnyder&SwanStudyPeoplewouldpreferdiagnosticquestionstothetypesofquestionsSnyder&Swanallowedthemtochoose.Whatquestionsdopeoplepreferintestingwhethersomeoneisanextravert,“Doyoushyawayfromsocialinteractions?
”or“Doyoutalkloudly?
”Peoplepreferred,“Doyoushyawayfromsocialinteractions?
”Furthertestingshowedthatpeopledopreferhypothesisconfirmingquestions,butdiagnosticityofthequestionsisastrongerdeterminantofwhatquestionspeoplewanttoask.Snyder,Tanke,&Berscheid(1977)-BehavioralConfirmationMenbelievewomenareattractiveorunattractiveandthentheyhavearealconversation.Thetwosidesoftheconversationweretapedseparately.ConfirmatoryHypothesisTesting-menaskwomenquestionsthatelicitphysicalattractivenessstereotype(menweremorepleasanttowomenperceivedtobeattractive)BehaviorConfirmation-themensbehaviorcreatesconfirmationofthestereotype(mensattitudetowardthewomencreateditsownreality)Self-FulfillingPropheciesWord,Zanna,&Cooper(1974)Study1-WhiteparticipantsinterviewBlackorWhiteConfederateStudy2-WhiteconfederatestrainedtointerviewlikeinterviewersinStudy1interviewWhiteparticipantsRosenthal&Jacobson-teacherexpectancyeffectsInanumberofclassroomsstudentsarepickedoutatrandomanddesignatedtobelatebloomerswhoaregoingtoexhibitalargespurtintheirlearningability.Thesestudentsdiddobetteranditseemstobemediatedbyteachersinteractionswiththesestudents.Word,Zanna&Cooper-Study1Word,Zanna,&Cooper-Study2PerceivingCausalityNisbett&WilsonStudiesRasingtheTidePowersawexperimentWhichpantyhosedoyoulike?
WilsonRelationshipStudiesListallthepositiveandnegativequalitiesofyourpartnerTellmehowmuchyoufeelaboutyourpartnerWhichpredictsbetter?
RaisingtheTidePerceivingRelationshipsBetweenVariables2X2tablesandhowwedontusethemIllusoryCorrelationChapman&ChapmanstudiesHamiltonstudies-Stereotypeformationthroughillusorycorrelation?
FailuretoDetectActualCorrelationChapman&ChapmanstudiesJennings,Amabile,&Ross-correlationbetweenwalkingsticksandheightHypothesisTestingand2X2TablesOccurredYesNoPredictedYesAXNoYZIllusoryCorrelationWhenarepeopleaccurate?
PeoplecanperceivecorrelationsprettywelliftheyarehighWhentheirtheoriesarerightabouthowtheworldworkspeoplearefairlyaccurateWhentheyarefamiliarwiththedomain-suchaswhethertheyagreewithothersevaluationsofpeopletheyknowwellRatingsofabilityvs.personality(Kunda&Nisbett,1986)PeoplearemuchmoreaccurateinestimatingconsistencyacrosssituationsforabilitiesthanforpersonalityTheycorrectlyperceivedthatpeoplesabilitiesvaryacrosssituations(someonewhoissmartinmathmaynotbeinEnglish)Theyincorrectlyoverestimatedtheconsistencyofpeoplespersonality(someonewhoisshyinclasswillbeshyatparties)HowDoWeMakeMoreComplexJudgementswithManyVariables?
Weunderstandthingsbetterwhentheyarepresentedinastoryline-Storymodelofjurydecisionmaking(Pennington&Hastiestudies)PeoplespontaneouslyconstructstorieswhenviewingatrialHoweasyordifficultitistoconstructastoryinfluencestheverdictthatjuriesmake.WelikestoriesbestiftheyhaveExplanatorybreadthSimplicityExtenttowhichtheycanbeexplainedbyotherinformationCounterfactualThinking-WhatCausedThistoGoWrong?
ImagineyougettotheairportandyoumissedyourplaneByanhourorbyfiveminutesWhatwouldmakeyoumoreupset?
AnticipatoryRegretNotionofNormalityandMentalModelsClosenessoftheCounterfactualtotheActualEvent-AirplaneExample,OlympicMedalsExceptionvs.Routine-exceptioncausesmorecounterfactualthinkingControllabilityOtherFactorsthatAffectOurCounterfactualThoughtsActionvs.Inaction-doyoufeelworseifyoudidsomethingordidntdosomething?
BlackJack(Miller&Taylor,1995)Theimportanceoftime(Gilovich&Medvec,1995)-whatweregretmoredependsonwhenitoccurredEaseofMentalReplication(Miller,Turnbull,&McFarland,1989)-StealingcookiesfromthecookiejarFunctionsofCounterfactualsMaypreventfutureproblemsLetusfeelbetterbyimagininghowthingscouldhavebeenworse
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