How to Use Quotation Marks汇总.docx
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How to Use Quotation Marks汇总.docx
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HowtoUseQuotationMarks汇总
HowtoUseQuotationMarks
UsingQuotationMarks
Theprimaryfunctionofquotationmarksistosetoffandrepresentexactlanguage(eitherspokenorwritten)thathascomefromsomebodyelse.Thequotationmarkisalsousedtodesignatespeechactsinfictionandsometimespoetry.Sinceyouwillmostoftenusethemwhenworkingwithoutsidesources,successfuluseofquotationmarksisapracticaldefenseagainstaccidentalplagiarismandanexcellentpracticeinacademichonesty.ThefollowingrulesofquotationmarkusearethestandardintheUnitedStates,althoughitmaybeofinterestthatusagerulesforthispunctuationdovaryinothercountries.
Thefollowingcoversthebasicuseofquotationmarks.Fordetailsandexceptionsconsulttheseparatesectionsofthisguide.
DirectQuotations
Directquotationsinvolveincorporatinganotherperson'sexactwordsintoyourownwriting.
1.Quotationmarksalwayscomeinpairs.Donotopenaquotationandfailtocloseitattheendofthequotedmaterial.
2.Capitalizethefirstletterofadirectquotewhenthequotedmaterialisacompletesentence.Mr.Johnson,whowasworkinginhisfieldthatmorning,said,"Thealienspaceshipappearedrightbeforemyowntwoeyes."
3.Donotuseacapitalletterwhenthequotedmaterialisafragmentoronlyapieceoftheoriginalmaterial'scompletesentence.AlthoughMr.Johnsonhasseenoddhappeningsonthefarm,hestatedthatthespaceship"certainlytakesthecake"whenitcomestounexplainableactivity.
4.Ifadirectquotationisinterruptedmid-sentence,donotcapitalizethesecondpartofthequotation."Ididn'tseeanactualalienbeing,"Mr.Johnsonsaid,"butIsurewishIhad."
5.Inalltheexamplesabove,notehowtheperiodorcommapunctuationalwayscomesbeforethefinalquotationmark.ItisimportanttorealizealsothatwhenyouareusingMLAorsomeotherformofdocumentation,thispunctuationrulemaychange.Whenquotingtextwithaspellingorgrammarerror,youshouldtranscribetheerrorexactlyinyourowntext.However,alsoinsertthetermsicinitalicsdirectlyafterthemistake,andencloseitinbrackets.SicisfromtheLatin,andtranslatesto"thus,""so,"or"justasthat."Thewordtellsthereaderthatyourquoteisanexactreproductionofwhatyoufound,andtheerrorisnotyourown.Mr.Johnsonsaysoftheexperience,"it'smademereconsidertheexistenceofextraterestials[sic]."
6.Quotationsaremosteffectiveifyouusethemsparinglyandkeepthemrelativelyshort.Toomanyquotationsinaresearchpaperwillgetyouaccusedofnotproducingoriginalthoughtormaterial(theymayalsoboreareaderwhowantstoknowprimarilywhatYOUhavetosayonthesubject).
IndirectQuotations
Indirectquotationsarenotexactwordingsbutratherrephrasingsorsummariesofanotherperson'swords.Inthiscase,itisnotnecessarytousequotationmarks.However,indirectquotationsstillrequirepropercitations,andyouwillbecommitingplagiarismifyoufailtodoso.
Mr.Johnson,alocalfarmer,reportedlastnightthathesawanalienspaceshiponhisownproperty.
Manywritersstrugglewithwhentousedirectquotationsversusindirectquotations.Usethefollowingtipstoguideyouinyourchoice.
Usedirectquotationswhenthesourcematerialuseslanguagethatisparticularlystrikingornotable.Donotrobsuchlanguageofitspowerbyalteringit.
MartinLutherKingJr.believedthattheendofslaverywasimportantandofgreathopetomillionsofslavesdonehorriblywrong.
Theaboveshouldneverstandinfor:
MartinLutherKingJr.saidoftheEmancipationProclamation,"ThismomentousdecreecameasagreatbeaconlightofhopetomillionsofNegroslaveswhohadbeensearedintheflamesofwitheringinjustice."
Useanindirectquotation(orparaphrase)whenyoumerelyneedtosummarizekeyincidentsordetailsofthetext.
Usedirectquotationswhentheauthoryouarequotinghascoinedatermuniquetoherorhisresearchandrelevantwithinyourownpaper.
Whentousedirectquotesversusindirectquotesisultimatelyachoiceyou'lllearnafeelingforwithexperience.However,alwaystrytohaveasenseforwhyyou'vechosenyourquote.Inotherwords,neverputquotesinyourpapersimplybecauseyourteachersays,"Youmustusequotes."
Contributors:
SeanM.Conrey,MarkPepper,AllenBrizee.
Summary:
Arundownofthegeneralrulesofwhenandwheretousequotationmarks.
ExtendedRulesforUsingQuotationMarks
AlteringtheSourceMaterialinaQuotation
Theresponsibilityofrepresentingotherpeople'swordsaccuratelyliesfirmlyontheshouldersoftheauthor.Inaccuratequotesnotonlydefeatthepurposeofusingaquote,theymayalsoconstituteplagiarism.However,thereareapprovedmethodsforalteringquotesforeitherclarityorsuccinctness.
Quotelength
Iftheoriginalquoteistoolongandyoufeelnotallthewordsarenecessaryinyourownpaper,youmayomitpartofthequote.Replacethemissingwordswithanellipsis.
OriginalQuote:
Thequarterbacktoldthereporter,"It'squitesimple.Theyplayedabettergame,scoredmorepoints,andthat'swhywelost."
OmittedMaterial:
Thequarterbacktoldthereporter,"It'squitesimple.They...scoredmorepoints,andthat'swhywelost."
Makesurethatthewordsyouremovedonotalterthebasicmeaningoftheoriginalquoteinanyway.Alsoensurethatthequote'sintegrationandmissingmaterialstillleaveagrammaticallycorrectsentence.
Quotecontext
Ifthecontextofyourquotemightbeunclear,youmayaddafewwordstoprovideclarity.Enclosetheaddedmaterialinbrackets.
AddedMaterial:
Thequarterbacktoldthereporter,"It'squitesimple.They[theotherteam]playedabettergame,scoredmorepoints,andthat'swhywelost."
QuotationswithinaQuotation
Usesinglequotationmarkstoenclosequoteswithinanotherquotation.
Thereportertoldme,"WhenIinterviewedthequarterback,hesaidtheysimply'playedabettergame.'"
QuotationMarksBeyondQuoting
Quotationmarksmayadditionallybeusedtoindicatewordsusedironicallyorwithsomereservation.
Thegreatmarchof"progress"hasleftmillionsimpoverishedandhungry.
Donotusequotationmarksforwordsusedaswordsthemselves.Inthiscase,youshoulduseitalics.
TheEnglishwordnuancecomesfromaMiddleFrenchwordmeaning"shadesofcolor."
Contributors:
SeanM.Conrey,MarkPepper,AllenBrizee.
Summary:
Arundownofthegeneralrulesofwhenandwheretousequotationmarks.
AdditionalPunctuationRuleswhenUsingQuotationMarks
Useacommatointroduceaquotationafterastandarddialoguetag,abriefintroductoryphrase,oradependentclause.
Thedetectivesaid,"Iamsurewhoperformedthemurder."AsD.H.Nachasexplains,"Thegesturesusedforgreetingothersdiffergreatlyfromoneculturetoanother."
Putcommasandperiodswithinquotationmarks,exceptwhenaparentheticalreferencefollows.
Hesaid,"Imayforgetyourname,butIneverforgetaface."Historyisstainedwithbloodspilledinthenameof"civilization."Mullen,criticizingtheapparentinaction,writes,"Donahue'spolicywastodonothing"(24).
Placecolonsandsemicolonsoutsideclosedquotationmarks.
Williamsdescribedtheexperimentas"adefinitivestepforward";otherscientistsdisagreed.Benedettoemphasizesthreeelementsofwhatshecallsher"Olympicjourney":
familysupport,personalcommitment,andgreatcoaching.
Placeaquestionmarkorexclamationpointwithinclosingquotationmarksifthepunctuationappliestothequotationitself.Placethepunctuationoutsidetheclosingquotationmarksifthepunctuationappliestothewholesentence.
Phillipasked,"Doyouneedthisbook?
"DoesDr.Limalwayssaytoherstudents,"Youmustworkharder"?
QuotationMarkswithFiction,Poetry,andTitles
BlockQuotations
Youshoulduseablockquotationwhenthequotationextendsmorethanfourtypedlinesonthepage.Althoughtheyareallowedinanytypeofwriting,youwilllikelymostoftenusethemwhenquotingfromfictionorliterature.Ablockquotationisremovedfromthemainbodyofyourtext.Indentoneinchfromthemainmargin(theequivalentoftwohalf-inchparagraphindentations)andbeginyourquote.Maintaindoublespacingthroughout,butyoudonotneedtousequotationmarks.
GatsbyexperiencesamomentofclaritywhilestandingwithDaisyonhisdock.Fitzgeraldwrites:
Possiblyithadoccurredtohimthatthecolossalsignificanceofthatlighthadnowtohimvanishedforever.ComparedtothegreatdistancethathadseparatedhimfromDaisyithadseemedveryneartoher,almosttouchingher.Ithadseemedascloseasastartothemoon.Nowitwasagainagreenlightonadock.Hiscountofenchantedobjectshaddiminishedbyone.(98)
QuotingPoetry
Whenyouquoteasinglelineofpoetry,writeitlikeanyothershortquotation.Ifthepieceofpoetryyouarequotingcrossesmultiplelinesofthepoemitself,youmaystilltypetheminyourtextruntogether.Showthereaderwherethepoem'slinebreaksfallbyusingslashmarks.
Inhispoem,"MendingWall,"RobertFrostwrites:
"Somethingthereisthatdoesn'tloveawall,/thatsendthefrozen-ground-swellunderit"(42-44).
Ifthequotationisthreelinesorlonger,setitofflikeablockquotation(seeabove).Somewritersprefertosetofftwo-lineversequotationsforemphasis.Quotethepoemlinebylineasitappearsontheoriginalpage.Donotusequotationmarks,andindentoneinchfromtheleftmargin.
Inhispoem"MendingWall,"RobertFrostquestionsthebuildingofbarriersandwalls:
BeforeIbuiltawallI'dasktoknow
WhatIwaswallinginorwallingout,
A
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