托福阅读你肯定不知道的做题套路.docx
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托福阅读你肯定不知道的做题套路.docx
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托福阅读你肯定不知道的做题套路
2020年托福阅读你肯定不知道的做题套路
在托福阅读的课程中,常常被同学们问到的是如何提升阅读和做题效率的问题,因为绝大部分同学无法拿到阅读高分的核心原因是时间不够无法读全文章,直接做题又感觉患得患失地不知道选择的答案是否准确符合文章意思,这往往使得我们在备战阅读考试的效果大打折扣。
因为提升阅读速度是一个需要长期训练的过程,为了让同学们短期提升一些阅读分数和学习效果,我们来试试对比一些方法来高效的发现题目的切入点并且解决问题拿到分数。
我们来直接看题:
Asymbioticrelationshipisaninteractionbetweentwoormorespeciesinwhichonespecieslivesinoronanotherspecies.Therearethreemaintypesofsymbioticrelationships:
parasitism,commensalism,andmutualism.Thefirstandthethirdcanbekeyfactorsinthestructureofabiologicalcommunity;thatis,allthepopulationsoforganismslivingtogetherandpotentiallyinteractinginaparticulararea.
1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcommensalismcanbeinferredfromparagraph1?
Oltexcludesinteractionsbetweenmorethantwospecies.
OItmakesitlesslikelyforspecieswithinacommunitytosurvive.
OItssignificancetotheorganizationofbiologicalcommunitiesissmall.
oItsroleinthestructureofbiologicalpopulationsisadisruptiveone.
解法1:
初学者在看到这样题目的时候,会先把文章看完甚至翻译一遍,认为理解了自然就能选对答案。
这是准确率最靠谱的做法,但的缺陷是考试时无法在短时间内理解文章并且做完题目。
所以在阅读水平不是很强的时候,尽量不要使用看完理解再做题的方法。
解法2:
定位规律
Therearethreemaintypesofsymbiotic
parasitism,commensalism,andmutualism.有三种共生、互利共栖。
说的是题干关键词本身的内容,
再往后读啊读啊读啊……理论上来说看到这里应该能得到答案了,
但是但是看看选项?
o共生关系不包括超过两个物种之间的相互作用
O共生关系使得物种在生物团体中难以生存
o共生关系在生物群体中的重要性是小的
O共生关系在生物结构中的角色是引起混乱的
选哪个?
!
准确答案是哪个啊?
这里我们要学的是一个小套路,我们把文中内容和选项都理解后得到这样的一个逻辑:
文章:
第一个和第三个在一个生物团体结构中是重要的;意思是,
所有的有机体居住在一起并且在特定的区域相互作用。
推理模式:
第一个(寄生)和第三个(互利共栖)在一个生物团体结构中是重要的7第二个(共生)是不重要的
所以选C
这个切入点你发现了吗?
但这样分析题目,对我们来说有什么实际的意义呢?
同学们,这篇文章的核心就是希望大家能高效的发现题目的切入点并且解决问题。
于是,对于这道题来说发现一个能够广泛使用的规律,比起选出准确答案更有意义:
让我们聊聊刚才在题目中的推理模式:
第一个(寄生)和第三个(互
利共栖)在一个生物团体结构中是重要的7第二个(共生)是不重要的。
这个推理模式我叫做反义推理(有些老师也叫做反向推理、取非,意思一致),是托福阅读推理题常用的推理模式,并且在细节题、否定事实信息题(NOTEXCEP和判断其他题型错误选项的时候经常使用,也是最常见的一种思维模式。
反义推理的核心来自于归约(reduction),意思是当未知量与已知量看上去无法匹配的时候,在二者之间搭上一个桥梁来使得找答案变得更简单。
让我们来看看类似题目中用到反义推理的高效表现
Withquestionsuchastheseclearlybeforethem,thescientistsaboardtheGlomarChallengerprocessedtotheMediterraneantosearchfortheanswers.OnAugust23,1970,theyrecoveredasample.Thesampleconsistedofpebblesofhardenedsedimentthathadoncebeensoft,deep-seamud,aswellasgranulesofgypsumandfragmentsofvolcanicrock.
Notasinglepebblewasfoundthatmighthaveindicatedthatthepebblescamefromthenearbycontinent.Inthedaysfollowing,samplesofsolidgypsumwererepeatedlybroughtondeckasdrillingoperationspenetratedtheseafloor.
Furthermore,thegypsumwasfoundtopossesspeculiaritiesofcompositionandstructurethatsuggestedithadformedondesertflats.Sedimentaboveandbelowthegypsumlayercontainedtinymarinefossils,indicatingopen-oceanconditions.AstheydrilledintothecentralanddeepestpartoftheMediterraneanbasin,thescientiststooksolid,shiny,crystallinesaltfromthecorebarrel.Interbeddedwiththesaltwerethinlayersofwhatappearedtobewindblownsilt.
4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutthesolidgypsumlayer?
OItdidnotcontainanymarinefossil.
OIthadformedinopen-oceanconditions.
OIthadoncebeensoft,deep-seamud.
OItcontainedsedimentfromnearbydeserts.
解析:
这道题很容易,和上一题是同样的套路
题干关键词:
thesolidgypsumlayer
文中定位点:
Sedimentaboveandbelowthegypsumlayercontainedtinymarinefossils,indicatingopen-oceanconditions.
利用反义推理:
在石膏层上面和下面的沉积层中包含小海洋化石
T石膏层不包含海洋化石
所以选A
而在我们熟练了在一个完整概念下不同因素之间的反义推理后(例
如整体是【A,B,C],文中说AB重要则C不重要,AB有东西则C没有),将完整概念拓展到时间点前后区分概念会使得做题变得更加的简单:
【Paragraph2】Yetthismostfundamentalstandardofhistoriealperiodizationeoneealsahostofparadoxes.Nearlyeverymovietheater,howevermodest,hadapianoororgantoprovidemusiealaeeompanimenttosilentpietures.Inmanyinstanees,speetatorsintheerabeforereeordedsoundexperieneedelaborateauralpresentationsalongsidemovies'visualimages,fromtheJapanesebenshi(narrators)eraftingmultivoieeddialoguenarrativestooriginalmusiealeompositionsperformedbysymphony-sizeorehestrasinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.InBerlin,forthepremiereperformaneeoutsidetheSovietUnionofTheBattleshipPotemkin,filmdireetorSergeiEisensteinworkedwithAustrianeomposerEdmundMeisel(1874-1930)onamusiealseorematehingsoundtoimage;theBerlinsereeningswithlivemusiehelpedtobringthefilmitswideinternationalfame.
5.Paragraph2suggestswhiehofthefollowingaboutEisenstein'sfilmTheBattleshipPotemkirf?
OThefilmwasnotaeeompaniedbysoundbeforeitsBerlinsereening.
OThefilmwasunpopularintheSovietUnionbeforeitwassereenedinBerlin.
OEisenstein'sfilmwasthefirstinstaneeofcollaborationbetweenadirectorandacomposer.
OEisensteinbelievedthatthemusicalscoreinafilmwasasimportantasdialogue.
解析:
题干关键词:
Eisenstein'sfilmTheBattleshipPotemkirf
大写字母很容易找
文中定位点:
InBerlin,forthepremiereperformanceoutsidetheSovietUnionofTheBattleshipPotemkin,filmdirectorSergeiEisensteinworkedwithAustriancomposerEdmundMeisel(1874-1930)onamusicalscorematchingsoundtoimage;theBerlinscreeningswithlivemusichelpedtobringthefilmitswideinternationalfame.
利用反义推理:
在柏林首次公演T在柏林之前没有演过
所以选A
对我们来说,掌握了时间点前后不一致,能够使用反义推理这个方法,能让我们更快的得到答案:
TheareascoveredbythismaterialweresovastthattheicethatdepositeditmusthavebeenacontinentalglacierlargerthanGreenlandorAntarctica.Eventually,Agassizandothersconvincedgeologistsandthegeneralpublicthatagreatcontinentalglaciationhadextendedthepolaricecapsfarintoregionsthatnowenjoytemperateclimates.Forthefirsttime,peoplebegantotalkabouticeages.Itwasalsoapparentthattheglaciationoccurredintherelativelyrecentpastbecausethedriftwassoft,likefreshlydepositedsediment.Wenowknowtheageoftheglaciationaccuratelyfromradiometricdatingofthecarbon-14inlogsburiedinthedrift.Thedriftofthelastglaciationwasdepositedduringoneofthemostrecentepochsofgeologictime,thePleistocene,whichlastedfrom1.8millionto10,000yearsago.AlongtheeastcoastoftheUnitedStates,thesouthernmostadvanceofthisiceisrecordedbytheenormoussandanddriftdepositsoftheterminalmorainesthatformLongIslandandCapeCod.
5.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph2thatAgassizandothergeologistsofhistimewerenotabletodetermine
Owhichgeographicregionshadbeencoveredwithicesheetsinthelasticeage
Otheexactdatesatwhichdriftshadbeendepositedduringthelasticeage
Otheexactcompositionofthedriftslaidduringthelasticeage
OhowfarsouthalongtheeastcoastoftheUnitedStatestheicehadadvancedduringthelasticeage
解析:
题干关键词:
Agassizandothergeologistsofhistimewerenotabletodetermine
文中定位点:
Wenowknowtheageoftheglaciationaccuratelyfromradiometricdatingofthecarbon-14inlogsburiedinthedrift.
禾用反义推理:
WenowknowtAgassizandother
geologistsofhistimewerenotabletodetermine
所以选B
ItwasnotuntiltheCambrianperiod,beginningabout600millionyearsago,thatagreatproliferationofmacroscopicspeciesoccurredonEarthandproducedafossilrecordthatallowsustotracktheriseandfallofbiodiversity.SincetheCambrianperiod,biodiversityhasgenerallyrisen,buttherehavebeensomenotableexceptions.Biodiversitycollapseddramaticallyduringatleastfiveperiodsbecauseofmassextinctionsaroundtheglobe.Thefivemajormassextinctionsreceivemostoftheattention,buttheyareonlyoneendofaspectrumofextinctionevents.Collectively,morespecieswentextinctduringsmallereventsthatwerelessdramaticbutmorefrequent.Thebestknownofthefivemajorextinctionevents,theonethatsawthedemiseofthedinosaurs,istheCretaceous-Tertiaryextinction.
2.Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlifeonEarthbeforetheCambrianperiod?
OBiodiversitylevelsweresteady,asindicatedbythefossilrecord.
OLevelsofbiodiversitycouldnotbetracked.
OThemostdramaticextinctionepisodeoccurred.
OFewmicroscopicspeciesexisted.
解析:
题干关键词:
beforetheCambrianperiod?
文中定位点:
ItwasnotuntiltheCambrianperiod,beginningabout600millionyearsago,thatagreatproliferationofmacroscopicspeciesoccurredonEarthandproducedafossilrecordthatallowsustotracktheriseandfallofbiodiversity.
利用反义推理:
ItwasnotuntiltheCambrian
Periodallowsustotracktheriseandfallof
biodiversityfLevelsofbiodiversitycouldnotbetracked.
所以选B
反义推理这个模式还能够被用在NOTEXCEPB当中:
Fivecenturieslater,about7700B.C.,anewvillageroseonthemound.Atfirsttheinhabitantsstillhuntedgazelleintensively.Then,about7000B.C.,withinthespaceofafewgenerations,theyswitchedabruptlytoherdingdomesticatedgoatsandsheepandtogrowingeinkorn,pulses,andothercerealgrasses.AbuHureyragrewrapidlyuntilitcoverednearly30acres.Itwasaclose-knitcommunityofrectangular,one-storymud-brickhouses,joinedbynarrowlanesandcourtyards,finallyabandonedabout5000B.C..Manycomplexfactorsledtotheadoptionoftheneweconomies,notonlyatAbuHureyra,butatmanyotherlocationssuchas'AinGhazal,alsoinSyria,wheregoattoebonesshowingthetelltalemarksofabrasioncausedbyfoottethering(binding)testifytoearlyherdingofdomesticstock.
10.Accordingtoparagraph5,after7000B.C.thesettlementofAbuHureyradifferedfromearliersettlementsatthatlocationinallofthefollowingEXCEPT
Othedomesticationofanimals
Otheintensivehuntingofgazelle
Othesizeofthesettlement
Othedesignofthedwellings
解析:
题干关键词:
after7000B.C
文中定位点:
Then,about7000B.C但我的思考是,之后的
内容对应选项则会成为准确的内容,而题目需要我们找到错误的内容并且选出来,那么,7000BC之前的内容如果对应选项,就应该是错误的并且能够被选出来了,根据这个想法我们往前看
Fivecenturieslat
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