环境工程考研英语复试专业问题.docx
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环境工程考研英语复试专业问题.docx
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环境工程考研英语复试专业问题
1。
EnvironmentalProblems
Theenvironmentisourphysicalsurroundings.Thisincludesbothhuman(man-made),socialandphysical(natural)features.Naturalfeaturesincludesoil,theatmosphere,vegetationandwildlife.Humanfeaturesincludehousing,transportandindustry。
Socialfeaturesincludethingssuchasculture,languageandpoliticalsystems.
Geographersareconcernedabouthumanactionintheenvironment.Humaninterferencewiththeenvironmentcausesproblemssuchassoilerosion,globalwarmingandacid。
Youmayaskhowweasindividualscanhaveanimpactontheenvironment。
Ouractionscanhelptoincreaseanddecreasetheproblemshighlightedabove。
Forexampleturningofflightsthatarenotbeingusedhelpstoreduceglobalwarming。
Questions:
1.Whatistheenvironment?
2.Howcanwehelptodecreasetheglobalwarmingproblems?
GlobalWarming
Globalwarmingistheworldwidewarmingoftheatmosphere.Tounderstandglobalwarmingyoufirstneedtoknowaboutthegreenhouseeffect.Thegreenhouseeffectisanaturalphenomenonthatcontrolsthebalanceofheatwithintheearth'satmosphere。
Itistheprocesswherebythenaturallayerofgasesinouratmospheretrapasmallpercentageofthesun'sradiationreflectedfromtheearth’ssurface.Withoutthegreenhouseeffect,theaveragesurfacetemperaturewouldbeabout-18degreesCelsius.
Globalwarmingiscausedbytheincreasesintheamountofcarbondioxideandothergasesbeingreleasedintotheatmospherebytheburningoffossilfuels.Thesegasesaddtothenaturalgreenhouseeffect.Causingglobaltemperaturestorise。
Questions:
1。
Whatisglobalwarming?
2.Whatcausesglobalwarming?
Atmosphericparticulatematter
Inrecentyears,ourcountryappearmuchhazeweather,whichisnowoftenreferredtoPM2。
5。
Specifically,PM2。
5isintheatmosphereofdiameterlessthanorequalto2.5micronparticles,whichisalsoknownasentersthelungparticlematter。
Itsdiameterislessthanthethicknessofahumanhair1/20。
Atmosphericparticulatematter-alsoknownasparticulatesorparticulatematter(PM)—aretinypiecesofsolidorliquidmatterassociatedwiththeEarth’satmosphere。
Theyaresuspendedintheatmosphereas atmospheric aerosol,atermwhichreferstotheparticulate/airmixture,asopposedtotheparticulatematteralone.However,itiscommontousethetermaerosoltorefertotheparticulatecomponentalone.
Someparticulatesoccurnaturally,originatingfromvolcanoes,duststorms,forestandgrasslandfires,livingvegetation,andseaspray.Humanactivities,suchastheburningoffossilfuelsinvehicles,powerplantsandvariousindustrialprocessesalsogeneratesignificantamountsofparticulates。
Coalcombustionindevelopingcountriesistheprimarymethodforheatinghomesandsupplyingenergy.
Particulatematteremissionsarehighlyregulatedinmostindustrializedcountries.Duetoenvironmentalconcerns,mostindustriesarerequiredtooperatesomekindofdustcollectionsystemtocontrolparticulateemissions。
Thesesystemsincludeinertialcollectors(cyclonecollectors),fabricfiltercollectors(baghouses),wetscrubbers,andelectrostaticprecipitators.
Questions:
1、
1.WhatisAtmosphericparticulatematter?
2.Whatcausesglobalwarming?
Theacidityofacidrain
AcidityinrainismeasuredbycollectingsamplesofrainandmeasuringitspH。
Tofindthedistributionofrainacidity,weatherconditionsaremonitoredandrainsamplesarecollectedatsitesalloverthecountry.Theareasofgreatestacidity(lowestpHvalues)arelocatedintheNortheasternUnitedStates。
Thispatternofhighacidityiscausedbythelargenumberofcities,thedensepopulation,andtheconcentrationofpowerandindustrialplantsintheNortheast。
Inaddition,theprevailingwinddirectionbringsstormsandpollutiontotheNortheastfromtheMidwest,anddustfromthesoilandrocksintheNortheasternUnitedStatesislesslikelytoneutralizeacidityintherain。
Questions:
1。
Howdowemeasuretheacidityofrain?
2.Howdothedensityofpowerplantsaffectacidicrain?
4。
TheGreenhouseEffect
Greenhouseeffectistheeffectproducedbytheaccumulationofcarbondioxidecrystalsandwatervaporintheupperatmosphere,whichinsulatestheearthandraisestheatmospherictemperaturebypreventingheatloss.Chlorofluorocarbonsalsohelpcreatethegreenhouseeffect。
AnumberofgasesintheatmospherearetransparenttoincomingsunlightbutabsorbtheheatemittedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceandreradiateitinalldirections,includingbacktowardthesurface.Asaresult,thesurfaceiswarmedmorethanitwouldhavebeenintheabsenceofthesegases,whichserveapurposesimilartothatoftheglasswallsofagreenhouse。
Globalwarmingreferstotheenhancementofthenaturalgreenhouseeffectduetorisingatmosphericconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesresultingfromhumanactivities。
Questions:
1.Whatisthegreenhouseeffect?
2.Howtoreduceatmosphericparticulatepollution?
3。
WATERPOLLUTION
Comprisingover70%oftheEarth'ssurface,waterisundoubtedlythemostpreciousnaturalresourcethatexistsonourplanet. Withouttheseeminglyinvaluablecompoundcomprisedofhydrogenandoxygen,lifeonEarthwouldbenon-existent:
itisessentialforeverythingonourplanettogrowandprosper。
Althoughweashumansrecognizethisfact,wedisregarditbypollutingourrivers,lakes,andoceans。
Subsequently,weareslowlybutsurelyharmingourplanettothepointwhereorganismsaredyingataveryalarmingrate. Inadditiontoinnocentorganismsdyingoff,ourdrinkingwaterhasbecomegreatlyaffectedasisourabilitytousewaterforrecreationalpurposes. Inordertocombatwaterpollution,wemustunderstandtheproblemsandbecomepartofthesolution。
Questions:
1。
Whyisitimportantforustounderstandthewaterpollutionproblems?
2.Howimportantiswaterforourhumanbeing?
Whatisacidrain?
Theterm”acidrain"iscommonlyusedtomeanthedepositionofacidiccomponentsinrain,snow,fog,dew,ordryparticles。
Themoreaccuratetermis"acidprecipitation.”Distilledwater,whichcontainsnocarbondioxide,hasaneutralpHof7。
LiquidswithapHlessthan7areacid,andthosewithapHgreaterthan7arealkaline(orbasic)。
”Clean”orunpollutedrainhasaslightlyacidicpHof5。
6,becausecarbondioxideandwaterintheairreacttogethertoformcarbonicacid,aweakacid。
AroundWashington,D.C.,however,theaveragerainpHisbetween4。
2and4。
4。
Theextraacidityinraincomesfromthereactionofairpollutants,primarilysulfuroxidesandnitrogenoxides,withwaterintheairtoformstrongacids(likesulfuricandnitricacid)。
Themainsourcesofthesepollutantsarevehiclesandindustrialandpower—generatingplants。
InWashington,themainlocalsourcesarecars,trucks,andbuses。
Questions:
WhatisthepHofthecleanrain?
WhyisthepHofcleanrainlessthan7?
Theacidityofacidrain
(2)
AcidityinrainismeasuredbycollectingsamplesofrainandmeasuringitspH。
Tofindthedistributionofrainacidity,weatherconditionsaremonitoredandrainsamplesarecollectedatsitesalloverthecountry.Theareasofgreatestacidity(lowestpHvalues)arelocatedintheNortheasternUnitedStates。
Thispatternofhighacidityiscausedbythelargenumberofcities,thedensepopulation,andtheconcentrationofpowerandindustrialplantsintheNortheast.Inaddition,theprevailingwinddirectionbringsstormsandpollutiontotheNortheastfromtheMidwest,anddustfromthesoilandrocksintheNortheasternUnitedStatesislesslikelytoneutralizeacidityintherain。
Questions:
Howdowemeasuretheacidityofrain?
Howdothedensityofpowerplantsaffectacidicrain?
1.Whichkindofprofessordoyoulikebest?
2.What impressed you most when you were at university?
3.Do you think the subjects you are studying today are relevant to present-day society?
Why?
4.Does your family support your decision on studying?
What help do they offer?
5.Where have you been traveling to?
Which place interested you most?
6.WhatdoyouthinkabouttherelationshipbetweeneducationandemploymentaftergraduationfromtheUniversity
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