08级二级篇章阅读for+students.docx
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08级二级篇章阅读for+students.docx
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08级二级篇章阅读for+students
命题规律及对应题型
导言
众所周知,大学英语四级考试自2006年6月采用新题型以来,阅读理解从原来的四篇文章变为两大部分:
快速阅读和仔细阅读。
其中仔细阅读又分为两个部分:
第一部分为篇章词汇理解文章,长度一般在250-300词左右,主要测试考生对篇章语境中的词汇的理解和运用能力,要求考生阅读一篇删去若干个(一般为10个)词汇的短文,然后在所给的选项(一般为15个)中选择适当的词汇填充,使短文复原;第二部分为两篇旧式的篇章阅读,每篇长度在350—400词左右。
从过去的几次考试题目来看,篇章阅读部分的出题模式和出题方向没有太大的改变,主要测试考生在不同层面上的阅读能力。
在最近的2008年12月四级机考题型中,阅读部分压缩为两篇篇章阅读和一篇快速阅读,取消了词汇选择填空题。
本学期,我们主要了解一下四级篇章阅读命题和设题的一些规律,每周提供两篇具有针对性的四级阅读真题供大家练习。
如果考生掌握了这些规律,就能在第一遍快速阅读短文时,敏锐地捕捉到考点并预测可能会出的题型。
考生此时应用笔在这些可能会出题的考点轻轻划上记号,等看完短文开始做题时,针对题干的提问,迅速找到做记号的考点,再仔细分析、答题。
这样就能节省不少时间,避免做题时又要通阅全文、盲目找考点。
我们将这些考点命题规律及对应题型归纳如下:
命题规律一:
篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处常考
文章的主题句经常出现在首段,段落的主题句经常出现在段首。
另外,首段的末句或第二段的首句也往往是文章中心思想的出现之处。
文章的尾段或段落的结尾一般会是概括或总结性的陈述,经常会得出某种结论或提出某项建议。
因此,文章的篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处经常是篇章阅读命题设题的重要题眼,而且大多是考查对文章或段落主旨的理解,题型基本上属于主旨大意题。
PassageOne(99-1)
Theviewoveravalleyofatinyvillagewiththatched(草盖的)roofcottagesaroundachurch;adrivethroughanarrowvillagestreetlinedwiththatchedcottagespaintedpinkorwhite;thesightisstillcommoninpartsofEngland.MostpeoplewillagreethatthethatchedroofisanessentialpartoftheattractionoftheEnglishcountryside.
ThatchingisinfacttheoldestofallthebuildingcraftspracticedintheBritishIsles(英伦诸岛).Althoughthatchhasalwaysbeenusedforcottageandfarmbuildings,itwasonceusedforcastlesandchurches,too.
Thatchingisasolitary(独自的)craft,whichoftenrunsinfamilies.ThecraftofthatchingasitispracticedtoadyhaschangedverylittlesincetheMiddleAges.Over800full-timethatchersareemployedinEnglandandWalestoday,maintainingandrenewingtheoldroofsaswellasthatchingnewerhouses.Manypropertyownerschoosethatchnotonlyforitsbeautybutbecausetheyknowitwillkeepthemcoolinsummerandwarminwinter.
Infact,ifwelookatdevelopingcountries,overhalftheworldlivesunderthatch,buttheyalldoitindifferentways.Peopleindevelopingcountriesareoftenreluctanttogobacktotraditionalmaterialsandwouldprefermodernbuildings.However,theymaylackthemoneytoallowthemtoimportthenecessarymaterials.Theirtemporarymudhutswiththatchedroofsofwildgrassesoftenonlylastsixmonths.ThatchwhichhasbeendonetheBritishwaylastsfromtwentytosixtyyears,andisaneffectivedefianceagainsttheheat.
1.WhichofthefollowingremainsauniquefeatureoftheEnglishcountryside?
A)Narrowstreetslinedwithpinkorwhitehouses.B)Rollinghillswithprettyfarmbuildings.
C)Cottageswiththatchedroofs.D)Churcheswithcottagesaroundthem.
2.Whatdoweknowaboutthatchingasacraft?
A)Itisacollectiveactivity.B)ItispracticedonfarmsalloverEngland.
C)Itisquitedifferentfromwhatitusedtobe.D)Itisinmostcaseshandeddownamongfamilymembers.
3.Thatchedhousesarestillpreferredbecauseof_________.
A)theirstyleandcomfortB)theirdurability
C)theireasymaintenanceD)theircheapandready-madematerials
4.Peopleindevelopingcountriesalsoliveunderthatchbecause________.
A)thatchedcottagesareabigtouristattractionB)thatchedroofhousesarethecheapest
C)thatchisaneffectivedefenseagainsttheheatD)theylikethatchedhousesbetterthanotherbuildings
5.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat_________.
A)thatchedcottagesinEnglandhavebeenpasseddownfromancienttimes
B)thatchingisabuildingcraftfirstcreatedbytheEnglishpeople
C)theEnglishpeoplehaveaspeciallikingforthatchedhouses
D)mostthatchedcottagesinEnglandarelocatedonhillsides
PassageTwo(99-1)
Theappealofadvertisingtobuyingmotivescanhavebothnegativeandpositiveeffects.Consumersmaybeconvincedtobuyaproductofpoorqualityorhighpricebecauseofanadvertisement.Forexample,someadvertisershaveappealedtopeople’sdesireforbetterfueleconomyfortheircarsbyadvertisingautomotiveproductsthatimprovegasolinemileage.Someoftheproductswork.Othersareworthlessandawasteofconsumers’money.
Sometimesadvertisingisintentionallymisleading.Afewyearsagoabrandofbreadwasofferedtodieters(节食者)withthemessagethattherewerefewercalories(热量单位,大卡)ineveryslice.Itturnedoutthatthebreadwasnotdietetic(适合于节食的),butjustregularbread.Therewerefewercaloriesbecauseitwasslicedverythin,buttherewerethesamenumberofcaloriesineveryloaf.
Onthepositiveside,emotionalappealsmayrespondtoaconsumer’srealconcerns.Considerfireinsurance.Fireinsurancemaybesoldbyappealingtofearofloss.Butfearoflossistherealreasonforfireinsurance.Thesecurityofknowingthatpropertyisprotectedbyinsurancemakesthepurchaseoffireinsuranceaworthwhileinvestmentformostpeople.Ifconsumersconsiderthequalityoftheinsuranceplansaswellasthemessageintheads,theywillbenefitfromtheadvertising.
Eachconsumermustevaluateherorhisownsituation.Arethebenefitsoftheproductimportantenoughtojustifybuyingit?
Advertisingisintendedtoappealtoconsumers,butitdoesnotforcethemtobuytheproduct.Consumersstillcontrolthefinalbuyingdecision.
6.Advertisingcanpersuadetheconsumertobuyworthlessproductsby_________.
A)stressingtheirhighqualityB)convincinghimoftheirlowprice
C)maintainingabalancebetweenqualityandpriceD)appealingtohisbuyingmotives
7.Thereasonwhythebreadadvertisementismisleadingisthat________.
A)thinslicesofbreadcouldcontainmorecaloriesB)theloafwascutintoregularslices
C)thebreadwasnotgenuinebreadD)thetotalnumberofcaloriesintheloafremainedthesame
8.Thepassagetellsusthat_______.
A)sometimesadvertisementsreallysellwhattheconsumerneeds
B)advertisementsoccasionallyforceconsumersintobuyingthingstheydon’tneed
C)thebuyingmotivesofconsumersarecontrolledbyadvertisements
D)fireinsuranceisseldomaworthwhileinvestment
9.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatasmartconsumershould_________.
A)thinkcarefullyaboutthebenefitsdescribedintheadvertisements
B)guardagainstthedeceivingnatureofadvertisements
C)befamiliarwithvariousadvertisingstrategies
D)avoidbuyingproductsthathavestrongemotionalappeal
10.Thepassageismainlyabout________.
A)howtomakeawisebuyingdecisionB)waystoprotecttheinterestsoftheconsumer
C)thepositiveandnegativeaspectsofadvertisingD)thefunctionofadvertisementsinpromotingsales
命题规律一:
篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处常考(续)
上周讲到,文章的篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处经常是篇章阅读命题设题的重要题眼。
有时,题目会以逻辑推理题的形式出现,比如判断某篇文章的标题是什么,或者文章最有可能出自哪本书,但实质上还是考察考生对文章大意的理解,需要考生重点看每段的第一句,从而概括出大意。
如下面的两篇:
PassageOne(00-6)
Americansareproudoftheirvarietyandindividuality,yettheyloveandrespectfewthingsmorethanauniform,whetheritistheuniformofanelevatoroperatorortheuniformofafive-stargeneral.WhyareuniformssopopularintheUnitedStates?
Amongtheargumentsforuniforms,oneofthefirstisthatintheeyesofmostpeopletheylookmoreprofessionalthancivilian(百姓的)clothes.Peoplehavebecomeconditionedtoexpectsuperiorqualityfromamanwhowearsauniform.The televisionrepairmanwhowearsauniformtendstoinspiremoretrustthanonewhoappearsincivilianclothes.Faithintheskillofagaragemechanicisincreasedbyauniform.Whateasierwayisthereforanurse,apoliceman,abarber,orawaitertoloseprofessionalidentity(身份)thantostepoutofuniform?
Uniformsalsohavemanypracticalbenefits.Theysaveonotherclothes.Theysaveonlaundrybills.Theyaretax-deductible(可减税的).Theyareoftenmorecomfortableandmoredurablethancivilianclothes.
Primaryamongtheargumentsagainstuniformsistheirlackofvarietyandtheconsequentlossofindividualityexperiencedbypeoplewhomustwearthem.Though therearemanytypesofuniforms,thewearerofanyparticulartypeisgenerallystuckwithit,withoutchange,untilretirement.Whenpeoplelookalike,theytendtothink,speak,andactsimilarly,onthejobatleast.
Uniformsalsogiverisetosomepracticalproblems.Thoughtheyarelong-lasting,oftentheirinitialexpenseisgreaterthanthecostofcivilianclothes.Someuniformsarealsoexpensivetomaintain,requiringprofessionaldrycleaningratherthanthehomelaunderingpossiblewithmanytypesofcivilianclothes.
1.ItissurprisingthatAmericanswhoworshipvarietyandindividuality_______.
A)stilljudgeamanbyhisclothesB)holdtheuniforminsuchhighregard
C)enjoyhavingaprofessionalidentityD)willrespectanelevatoroperatorasmuchasageneralinuniform
2.Peopleareaccustomedtothinkthatamaninuniform_______.
A)suggestsqualityworkB)discardshissocialidentity
C)appearstobemorepracticalD)lookssuperiortoapersonincivilianclothes
3.Thechieffunctionofauniformisto_______.
A)providepracticalbenefitstothewearerB)makethewearercatchthepubliceye
C)inspirethewearer'sconfidenceinhimselfD)providethewearerwithaprofessionalidentity
4.Accordingtothepassage,peoplewearinguniforms_______.
A)areusuallyhelpfulB)havelittleornoindividualfreedom
C)tendtolosetheirindividualityD)enjoygreaterpopularity
5.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe_______.
A)UniformsandSocietyB)TheImportanceofWearingaUniform
C)PracticalBenefitsofWearingaUniformD)AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofUniforms
PassageTwo(01-1)
PriscillaOuchida's"energyefficient"houseturnedouttobeahorribledream.Whensheandherengineerhusbandmarriedafewyearsago,theybuilta$100,000,three-bedroomhomeinCalifornia.Tightlysealedtopreventairleaks,thehousewasequippedwithsmalldoublepan
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