胡壮麟语言学复习及答案.docx
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胡壮麟语言学复习及答案.docx
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胡壮麟语言学复习及答案
胡壮麟语言学复习及答案
ChapterIIntroduction
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
1.LinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyofIanguage.
2.LinguisticsstudiesparticularIanguage,notIanguagesingeneral.
3.AscientificstudyofIanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.
4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonIanguage
factsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.
5.GenerallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyofIanguageasawhole.
6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.
7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthe
combinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.
8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.
9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.
10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsinto
sentences.
11.ThestudyofmeaninginIanguageisknownassemantics.
12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.
13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaning
notinisolation,butincontext.
14.SocialchangescanoftenbringaboutIanguagechanges.
15.SociolinguisticsisthestudyofIanguageinrelationtosociety.
16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.
17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.
18.AdiachronicstudyofIanguageisthedescriptionofIanguageatsomepoint
intime.
19ModernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenIanguageasprimary,notthewritten
Ianguage.
20.ThedistinctionbetweencompeteneeandperformaneewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththe
lettergiven:
21.Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser'skofthe
rulesofhislanguage.
22.Languereferstothealinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembers
ofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.
23.Disoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichrefersto
thepheno广告网址nthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:
alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.
24.Languageisasystemofavocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds.
26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasagbasis,butthedetailsoflanguage
havetobetaughtandlearned.
27.Preferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.
28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasalinguistics.
29.Languageispinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionand
interpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.
30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthesstudyoflanguage.
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.
31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe.
A.prescriptiveB.analytic
C.descriptiveD.linguistic
32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?
A.ArbitrarinessB.Displacement
C.DualityD.Meaningfulness
33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas.
34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because
A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting
B.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.
C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongueD.Alloftheabove
35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisastudyoflanguage.
A.synchronicB.diachronic
C.prescriptiveD.comparative36.Saussuretooka(n)viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksat
languagefromapointofview.
A.sociological…psychologicalB.psychological…sociological
C.applied•…pragmaticD.semanticandlinguistic
37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,referstotheabstractlinguisticsystem
sharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.
A.paroleB.performanceC.langueD.Language
38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnection
betweenandmeanings.
A.senseB.soundsC.objectsD.ideas
39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediate
situationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled,
A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibilityD.cultural
transmission
40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothe
nextthrough,ratherthanbyinstinct.
A.learningB.teachingC.booksD.bothAandB
IV.Definethefollowingterms:
41.Linguistics42.Phonology43.Syntax44.
Pragmatics
V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:
61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.
62.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?
Illustratethemwithexamples.
63.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?
64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?
65.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?
66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?
67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?
68.Saussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?
69.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?
Why?
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
l.T
2.F
3.F
4.T
5.T
6.F7.T
8.F
9.T
10.F
11.T
12.T
13.T14.T
15.T
16.F
17.T18.F
19.F20.F
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
21.knowledge22.abstract23.Duality24.arbitrary
25.syntax26.genetic27.Parole28.applied29.productive
30.scientific(orsystematic)
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.
3l.C32.D33.C34.D35.B36.A37.C38.B39.A40.D
IV.Definethefollowingterms:
41.Linguistics:
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudy
oflanguage.
42.Phonology:
Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedin
communicationiscalledphonology.
43.Syntax:
Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoform
sentencesiscalledsyntax..
44.Pragmatics:
Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.
45.Psycholinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.
46.Language:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
47.Phonetics:
Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.
48.Morphology:
Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.
49.Semantics:
Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.
50.Sociolinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyis
calledsociolinguistics.
51.Appliedlinguistics:
Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsrefersto
theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingand
learning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.
52.Arbitrariness:
Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeans
thatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds
53.Productivity:
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakes
possiblethecon-structionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
54.Displacement:
Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker
55.Duality:
Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.
56.Designfeatures:
Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesof
humanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication
57.Competence:
Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,
58.Performance:
performanceistheactualrealizationoftheknowl-edgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.
59.langue:
Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyall
themembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently
60.Parole:
Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.
V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:
61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforh
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